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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 



Chap. -______. Copyright No. 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



A LATIN COMPOSITION 



FOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS 




BY 

CHARLES E: BENNETT 

PROFESSOR OF LATIN IN CORNELL UNIVERSITY 



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Boston 

ALLYN AND BACON 

1896 



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Copyright, 1896, by 
CHARLES E. BENNETT. (^^ 



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Norfoooti $reBss 

J. S. Cushing & Co. — Berwick & Smith 
Norwood Mass. U.S.A. 



PREFACE. 

This book has been prepared with the conviction that 
the primary function of Latin Composition in sec- 
ondary schools is to extend and strengthen the pupil's 
knowledge of Latin grammar, and that this function 
is best fulfilled by means of a systematic presentation 
of the syntactical principles of the language. The 
following Lessons, accordingly, are devoted mainly to 
exercises in applying the principles of the various case 
and mood constructions recognized in our Latin gram- 
mars. But in order that the writing of continuous 
discourse may not be neglected, passages of simple 
English narrative, involving the principles covered in the 
previous exercises, are frequently introduced. 

The illustrative examples given at the beginning of 
each lesson have been drawn with great care from 
Latin literature, — mainly from Cicero's speeches. The 
English sentences set for translation into Latin have 
also, in most cases, been suggested by passages occur- 
ring in the works of classical writers. In the matter 



iv Preface. 

of hidden quantities I have followed the marking of 
my Appendix and of the fourth edition of my Latin 
Grammar. 

Grateful acknowledgment is here made for valuable 
assistance and suggestions received from friends. 

C. E. B. 

Ithaca, August, 1896. 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



Lesson Page 

I. Subject Nominative. Predicate Nouns. Appositives. 

The Vocative ........ I 

" II. Agreement of Adjectives and Verbs .... 4 

III. Relative Pronouns. Possessive Pronouns ... 7 

IV. Questions and Answers . . . . . . 10 

V. The Accusative. Accusative of Direct Object . . 13 

VI. The Accusative (continued). Two Accusatives with 

the Same Verb 16 

VII. The Accusative (continued) . Accusative of Time and 

Space; Limit of Motion, etc 19 

VIII. The Dative. Dative of Indirect Object ... 22 
IX. The Dative (continued). Dative of Reference; of 

Agency ......... 26 

X. The Dative (continued). Dative of Possession; of 

Purpose; with Adjectives ..... 29 

XL The Genitive. Genitive of Possession; Subjective; 

Objective ......... 32 

XII. The Genitive (continued). Genitive of the Whole 

(' Partitive Genitive ') ; of Quality; Appositional . 35 

XIII. The Genitive (continued) . Genitive with Adjectives; 

with memini, reminiscor, oblfviscor ... 38 

XIV. The Genitive (continued). Genitive with admoneo, 

commoneo, commonefacio ; with Verbs of Judicial 
Action; with Impersonals; with miser eor, mis- 
eresco ; with interest and refert ; with other 

Verbs 41 

v 



VI 



Table of Contents. 



Lesson Page 

XV. The Ablative. Ablative of Separation; of Source; 

of Agent ........ 44 

XVI. The Ablative {continued'). Ablative of Compari- 
son; of Means; with the Deponents iitor, 
fruor, etc. ; with opus est ; with nitor, innixus, 

fretus 47 

XVII. The Ablative {continued'). Ablative with mis- 
cere, jungere, etc.; in Special Phrases; with 
Verbs of Filling ; of Way by Which; of Cause; 
of Manner ....... 50 

XVIII. The Ablative {continued). Ablative of Attendant 
Circumstance; of Accompaniment; of Degree 

of Difference ; of Quality 54 

XIX. The Ablative {continued) . Ablative of Price; of 

Specification; Ablative Absolute ... 57 
XX. The Ablative {continued). Ablative of Place 

Where; the Locative; of Place from Which . 60 
XXI. The Ablative {continued). Ablative of Time . 63 
XXII. Syntax of Adjectives. Adjectives used Substan- 
tively; with the Force of Adverbs; the Com- 
parative and Superlative; Adjectives Denoting 
a Part; primus = first who; ultimus = last 
who . . . . . . . . .66 

XXIII. Pronouns. Personal; Reflexive; Reciprocal; De- 

monstrative 69 

XXIV. Pronouns {continued). Demonstrative; Indefi- 

nite ......... 72 

XXV. Pronouns {continued). Indefinite; Pronominal 

Adjectives 76 

XXVI. Tenses of the Indicative 79 

XXVII. Hortatory, Jussive, Prohibitive, Deliberative, and 

Concessive Subjunctive ..... 82 
XXVIII. The Optative and Potential Subjunctive; the Im- 
perative 85 



Table of Contents. 



vn 



Lesson Page 

XXIX. Purpose Clauses. Clauses with ut, ne, qu5 ; 
Relative Purpose; Relative Clauses with dig- 
nus, indignus, idoneus ; Sequence of Tenses. 88 
XXX. Clauses of Characteristic. Clauses of Result . 91 
XXXI. Causal Clauses. Temporal Clauses Introduced by 

postquam, ut, ubi, cum primum, simul ac . 95 
XXXII. Temporal Clauses Introduced by cum ; by ante- 
quam and priusquam ; by dum, donee, and 
quoad 98 

XXXIII. Substantive Clauses. Substantive Clauses De- 

veloped from the Jussive; from the Delibera- 
tive ; after Verbs of Hindering and Preventing. 101 

XXXIV. Substantive Clauses (continued}. Substantive 

Clauses Developed from the Optative; of Re- 
sult; Introduced by quod .... 104 
XXXV. Indirect Questions . . . . . . 108 

XXXVI. Conditional Sentences ill 

XXXVII. Use of nisi, si non, sin ; Conditional Clauses of 

Comparison . . . . . . .114 

XXXVIII. Subordinate Adversative Clauses Introduced by 

quamvis, quamquam, etc.; Provisos . . 117 
XXXIX. Indirect Discourse. Use of Moods and Tenses 
in Declaratory, Interrogative and Imperative 
Sentences . . . . . . .120 

XL. Indirect Discourse (continued). Conditional 

Sentences in Indirect Discourse . . .124 
XLI. The Infinitive. Infinitive without Subject Accu- 
sative used as Subject; as Object . . .127 
XLII. The Infinitive (continued). Infinitive with Sub- 
ject Accusative used as Subject; as Object; 
Passive Verbs Construed with the Infinitive . 130 
XLIII. Participles. Tenses of the Participle; Use of 

Participles . . . . . . .134 

XLIV. The Gerund; the Gerundive Construction; the 

Supine ........ 137 



LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. 

Grammatical references not preceded by any initial are to the 
author's Latin Grammar. 

A. & G Allen & Greenough's Latin Grammar. 

abl ablative. 

ace accusative. 

adv adverb. 

c common (gender). 

cf. compare. 

conj conjunction. 

dat dative. 

dep deponent. ' 

e.g. for example. 

f. feminine. 

gen . . . . genitive. 

H Harkness's Latin Grammar. 

i.e that is. 

indeel indeclinable. 

intrans. or intr intransitive. 

lit literally. 

m masculine. 

n neuter. 

obj object. 

pi plural. 

pred predicate. 

prep preposition. 

semi-dep semi-deponent. 

subj subject. 

trans, or tr transitive. 

viii 



LESSON I. 

SUBJECT NOMINATIVE. PREDICATE NOUNS. APPOSITIVES. 
THE VOCATIVE. 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. Subject Nominative. 166, 166. 2; A. & G. 173. 1; H. 368 
and 2. 

2. Predicate Nouns. 167, 168. 1, 2; A. & G. 176. a, b; H. 
362. 1, 2. 

3. Appositives. 169. 1, 2, 3, 5; A. & G. 184 and b; H. 363 
and 1, 364. 

4. The Vocative. 171; A. & G. 241; H. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. praeteritum tempus numquam revertitur, 1 past time 
never returns. 

2. horae et dies et menses et anni cedunt, hours and days 
and months and years pass away. 

3. agri cultura a Cicerone copiose laudatur, fartning is 
generously praised by Cicero. 

4. vidi etiam senem Livium, 7" saw also Livius when he was 
an old man. 

5 . ego 2 vero periculis delector, I in fact take pleasure in dan- 
gers. 

6. haec quidem sunt studia doctrinae, these now are the pur- 
suits of culture. 

7. philosophia est vitae magistra, 3 philosophy is the guide of 
life. 

B 1 



2 Lathi Composition. 

8. Romulus habitus est 1 deus, Romulus was regarded as a 
god. 

9. Croesus n5n semper mansit 1 rex, Croesus did not always 
remain king. 

10. naturam, optimam ducem, sequimur, we follow nature, 
the best guide. 

11. Metellus et Lucullus, homines consulages, Metellus and 
Luctdlus, men of consular rank. 

12. assentatio adjutrix vitiSrum, flattery, promoter of evils. 

13. duo reges, ille 4 bello, hie 4 pace, civitatem auxerunt, 
two kings, one by war, the other by peace, advanced the state. 

14. desilite, commilitones, 5 y^/;z/, comrades! 

Notes on the Examples. 

1) The verb in the Latin sentence regularly stands last (348 ; A. & 
G. 343 ; H. 560) , but it often precedes a predicate noun or adjective. 

2) The subject is here emphatic ; hence the pronoun is expressed. 

3) The predicate noun here agrees in gender as well as in case with 
its subject. 

4) Ille and hie are in partitive apposition with the subject, reges. 

5) The Vocative regularly follows one or more words of the sentence. 

VOCABULARY. 



advocate, promoter, auctor, 

oris, m. 
bane, pestis, is, f. 
cavalry, equites, urn, m. 
commander, dux, ducis, m. 
diligently, diligenter. 



foot-soldiers, pedites, urn, m. 
flee, fugio, ere, fug!, fugiturus.* 
gather (intr.), convenio, ire, 

veni, ventum.* 
get ready (tr.), comparo, are, 

avi, atus.* 



* In giving the principal parts of verbs the perfect passive participle 
is given instead of the supine ; if the verb is transitive, the participle is 
given in the masculine form, otherwise in the neuter. Where the perfect 
passive participle is not in use, the future active participle is given, if it 
occurs. 



Subject Nominative. 



literature, litterae, arum, f. 
old age, senectiis, utis, f. 
peace, pax, pacis, f. 
philosopher, philosophus, l, m. 
pleasure, voluptas, atis, f. 
praise, laudo, are, avi, atus. 
read, lego, ere, legl, lectus. 



regard, existimo, are, avi, 

atus. 
rout, fugo, are, avi, atus. 
solace, solacium, 1, n. 
teacher, praeceptor, oris, m.; 

praeceptrix, icis, f. 
work (a work) , opus, eris, n. 



EXERCISE. 

i. The works of Plato 1 and i\ristotle the philosophers 
have always been diligently read. 2. Darius, king of 
the Persians, got ready a fleet. 3. Cato the Elder was a 
friend of Scipio and Laelius. 4. Thou, philosophy, wert 
the originator of laws, the teacher of morals and of dis- 
cipline. 5. Miltiades, the son of Cimon, was the com- 
mander of the Athenians. 6. The Persians were routed 
and fled to their 2 ships. 7. Cavalry and footsoldiers 
quickly gathered. 8. Ancus Marcius, grandson of Nuraa, 
became king of the Romans. 9. The study of literature 
is the solace of old age. 10. Pleasure was regarded by 
Archytas, the friend of Plato, as a bane. 11. You have 
often been praised by your teachers. 12. Atticus always 
remained the friend of Cicero. 1-3. Aeneas and Antenor 
had always been advocates of peace. 



Sug-g-estions on trie Exercise. 

1. Words not given in the special vocabularies may be found in the 
general vocabulary at the end of the book, p. 141 f. 

2. Do not express the word for their in translating into Latin. 



LESSON II. 

AGREEMENT OF ADJECTIVES AND VERBS. 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. Attributive and Predicate Adjectives. 233. 2; A. & G. 
186. a, b; H. 438. 2. 

2. Agreement of Adjectives.* 234 and 235 entire; A. & G. 
186 and d, 187. a-d; H. 438, 439. 1-3. 

3. Agreement of Verbs. 254 and 255 entire; A. & G. 204 
and b; 205. a-d; H. 460, 461. I, 2; 462, 463. I, II. I, 3. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. pater bonus 1 et mater, an excellent father and mother. 

2. eadem 2 alacritas et studium, the same eagerness and zeal. 

3. pax et concordia sunt pulchrae, peace and concord are 
glorious. 

4. res operae multae 1 ac laboris, a matter of much effort and 
labor. 

5. pater et filius capti sunt, the father and son were captured. 

6. stultitia et timiditas fugienda sunt, folly and coivardice 
should be shunned. 

7. pater et mater mortui sunt, the father and mother died. 

8. honores et victoriae fortuita sunt, honors and victories 
are accidental. 

* Note that the principles for the agreement of adjectives cover also 
the use of participles in the compound tenses of the passive, as well as 
in the periphrastic conjugations. 

4 



Agreement of Adjectives and Verbs. 5 

9. domus, uxor, Hberl invent! sunt, home, wife, and chil- 
dren have been gained. 

10. populi provinciaeque liberatae sunt, nations and prov- 
inces zvere freed. 

11. pars bestiis object! sunt, part were thrown to beasts. 

12. paupertas milii onus visum est, poverty seemed to me a 
burden. *. 

13. Samnltium tria milia occisi sunt, three thousand Sam- 
nites zvere slain. 

14. neque pater neque films mortuus est, neither father nor 
son died. 

15. caedes ac tumultus erat, there was bloodshed and tumult. 

16. tu et ille venistis, you and he came. 



Notes on the Examples. 

1) For the position of the attributive adjective with reference to its 
noun, see 350. 4 and a ; A. & G. 344. a, b ; H. 565 and 1. 

2) For the position of demonstrative pronouns, see 350. 5. a ; A. & G. 
344. b ; H. 569. I. 

VOCABULARY. 



arrive, advenio, ire, veni, 

ventum. 
cover (figuratively), cumulo, 

are, avi, atus. 
cultivate, colo, ere, colui, 

cultus. 
cut to pieces, occido, ere, 00 

cidi, occisus. 
decree, decerno, ere, crevi, 

cretus. 
either ... or, aut . . . aut. 
enter, ingredior, 1, gressus 

sum. 
multitude, multitudo, inis, f. 



palace, regia, ae, f. 
perish, pereo, Ire, il, iturus. 
return, redeo, ire, il, itum. 
safe, salvus, a, um. 
slaughter, caedes, is, f. 
steadfastness, constantia, ae, f. 
tear down, dlruo, ere, rui, 

rutus. 
toil, labor, oris, m. 
unharmed, incolumis, e. 
unlike, dissimilis, e. 
very, valde. 
youth (collectively), juventus, 

utis, f. 



Latin Composition. 



EXERCISE. 

i. Toil and pleasure are very unlike. 2. Many men 
and women are here. 3. The Roman youth imme- 
diately returned to the city. 4. Diligence and stead- 
fastness are to be cultivated. 1 5. The wall and gate of 
the city were torn down. 6. The Roman Senate and 
people 2 decreed this. 3 7. Part were saved, but ten 
thousand were cut to pieces. 8. Either you or your 
brother will return. 9. The wife and daughter of 
Cicero remained unharmed. 10. The consul was cov- 
ered with great glory and honor. 11. Tarquinius and 
Tanaquil entered the city. 12. The king, the queen, 
and 4 the palace are safe. 13. Your brother and sister 
have arrived. 14. A multitude of soldiers perished in 
the great tumult and slaughter. 15. The wife and 
mother of Ariovistus were captured. 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. Use the passive periphrastic conjugation. 

2. Senatus populusque Romanus ; this phrase regularly takes 
the verb in the singular. 

3. Use the neuter plural of hie. 353. 2. 

4. For the use of conjunctions in enumerations, see 341. 4. a-c ; A. 
& G. 208. b, 1, 3 ; H. 554. I. 6. 



LESSON III. 

RELATIVE PRONOUNS. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. Relative Pronouns. 250. 1-4, 251. 1, 5, 6; A. & G. 198 
andtf, 199 and b, 200. c, 201. a, e; H. 445 and 3. N. I, 4, 5, 6. 
2. Possessive Pronouns. 243. 1-3, 233. 3; A. & G. 197 and 

a. 2, c, e; H. 447, 363. 4. 1). 

EXAMPLES. 

1. agri qui empti sunt, the lands zvhich were bought. 

2. artes quae ad humanitatem pertinent, the studies which 
make for culture. 

3. calamitates quas tulerunt, the disasters they bore. 

4. Virtus et Fides quarum Romae templa sunt, Virtue 
and Faith to whom (lit. of whom) there are temples at Rome. 

5. inc5nstantia et temeritas quae digna non sunt ded, 
fickleness and haste, which are not worthy of a god. 

6. puer et puella qui aderant, the boy and girl who were 
present. 

7. Thebae quod Boedtiae caput est, Thebes, which is the 
capital of Boeotia. 

8. sex milia, qui ex acie perfugerant, six thousand who 
had fled from the battle. 

9. qui naturam secuti sunt, multa laudabilia fecerunt, 
those who have folloived nature have done many praiseworthy 
things. 

10. quo factum est, and by this it happened. 

7 



8 



Latin Composition. 



ii. haec tecum patria loquitur, your country thus pleads 
with you, literally, says this. 

12. Horatius sua manu sororem interfecit, Horatius slew 
his sister with his own hand. 

13. compress! conatus tuos, I checked your attempts. 



VOCABULARY. 

assemble (tr.), convoco, are, 

avi, atus. 
call, name, appello, are, avi, 

atus. 
cherish, cultivate, colo, ere, 

colm, cultus. 
damage, detrimentum, 1, n. 
decide upon, constituo, ere, 

ui, utus, with ace. 
destroy, deleo, ere, evi, etus. 
especially, praecipue. 
famous, clarus, a, um. 



help, juvo, are, juvi, jiitus. wisdom, sapientia, ae, f. 



money, pecunia, ae, f. 
present, be present, adsum, 

esse, fui, futurus. 
prison, career, eris, m. 
property, bona, orum, n. 
pursue, sequor, sequi, secii- 

tus sum. 
pursuit, studium, 1, n. 
squander, profundo, ere, fudi, 

fusus. 
suffer, patior, pati, passus 

sum. 



EXERCISE. 

1. Apollo and Diana whose ancient temple Verres 
plundered. 2. You see the temple in which Cicero 
assembled the Senate. 3. Fame and glory which all 
pursue. 4. The consul whose murder Catiline had 
decided upon, remained unharmed. 5. They captured 
a famous town which was called Syracuse. 6. The 
states which had remained friendly suffered no damage. 
7. The friends whom Cicero especially loved were pres- 
ent. 8. The men and women whose property he de- 
stroyed are now dead. 9. We praise the pursuit of 



Relative Pronouns. Possessive Pronouns, g 

wisdom, which is called philosophy. 10. There was 
a city which was called Heraclea. n. He attacked 
Vesontio, which is the largest town of the Sequani. 
12. The mother and daughter who were captured have 
returned. 13. He has always cherished my friend- 
ship. 14. We saw the prison which is called Tullia- 
num. 15. Four thousand, who were armed, were 
routed. 16. We helped this man with our own 
money. 17. These men have squandered their 
fortunes. 



LESSON IV. 

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS. 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. Word Questions. 162. 1; A. & G. 210. e; H. 351. 1. 

2. Sentence Questions. 162. 2. a-d; A. & G. 210. a-d; H. 
351. 1. Notes 1-3, 2, 3. 

3. Double Questions. 162. 4 and a; A. & G. 211; H. 353. 1, 
2 and N. 3. 

4. Answers. 162. 5; A. & G. 212 a. 1, 2; H. 352 and N. 1. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. quis umquam illud templum aspexit, who ever saw that 
temple ? 

2. quid postulas, what do you demand? 

3. ubi eos convenit, where did he meet them ? 

4. quo tandem accusator fugit, whither, pray, did the accuser 
flee? 

5. eundemne tu judicem sumebas, did you take the same 
man as judge ? 

6. num noctu venerunt, they didn't come at night, did they ? 

7. ndnne ad urbem profectus es, did you not set out for the 
city ? 

8. tu in judicum cdnspectum venire audes, do you dare 
to come into the presence of the judges ? 

9. id utrum libentes an inviti dabant, did. they give that 
willingly or unwillingly ? 

10 



Questions and Answers. 



II 



10. stultitiamne dicam an impudentiam singularem, shall 
I call it folly or stupendous htipudence ? 

n. cum homine agimus an cum immani belua, are we 
dealing zvith a man or a wild beast? 

12. tabulas habet annon, has he the tablets or not? 

13. • hdsne vides ? ' ' vide5.' ' Do you see these men ? ' ' Yes.' 

14. ' estisne vos legati?' 'ita.' ' Are you envoys ?' ' Yes.' 

15. ' estne frater intus?' 'Non est.' 'Is your brother 
within ? ' < No? 

VOCABULARY. 



accomplish, efficio, ere, feci, 

fectus. 
blame, culpo, are, avi, atus. 
buy, emo, ere, emi, emptus. 
cruel, crudelis, e. 
embassador, envoy, legatus, 1, 

m. 
favor, beneficium, 1, n. 
find, invenio, ire, veni, ven- 

tus. 
forget, obliviscor, 1, oblitus 

sum. 
haughty, superbus, a, urn. 



invite, invito, are, avi, atus. 

land, ager, agri, m. 

return (tr.), give back, reddo, 

ere, reddidi, redditus. 
reward, remuneror, ari, atus 

sum. 
seem, videor, videri, visus 

sum. 
take, take away, aufero, ferre, 

abstuli, ablatus. 
treacherous, perfidus, a, urn. 
wage, gero, ere, gessi, gestus. 
worthy, dignus, a, um. 



EXERCISE. 

1. Is 1 philosophy the best guide and teacher? 

2. When 2 will the embassadors whom we sent return? 

3. You didn't 3 blame this worthy man, did you? 

4. Where is that man whom you had invited? 5. Will 
you not do what 4 has seemed best to us? 6. Who 
was ever so cruel, so haughty, so treacherous? 7. What 
will these men accomplish? 8. Did you buy this book 



12 Latin Composition. 

or find it? 5 9. How many wars did the Roman peo- 
ple wage? 10. Will you reward the soldiers with lands 
or with money? 11. Were all the Gallic towns de- 
stroyed? 12. Will he who took these books return 
them? 5 13. Who said this, you or your brother? 
14. Had you seen your friend? 15. Did you forget 
my favors? By no means. 16. Have you read many 
works of Cicero? Yes. 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. is: estne ; in interrogative sentences the forms of esse have a 
tendency to stand at the beginning of their clause. 

2. Interrogative words regularly stand first. 

3. See Example 6. 

4. what : ea quae, those things which. 

5. it, them ; do not express in Latin. 



LESSON V. 

THE ACCUSATIVE. 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

(Accusative of Direct Object.) 

i. Simple Uses. 175. 1, 176. 1; A. & G. 237 ; H. 371. 

2. With Compound Verbs. 175. 2. a; A. & G. 237. d; H. 

372. 

3. With Verbs expressing Emotions. 175. 2. b; A. & G. 
237. b; H. 371. III. 

4. Neuter Pronouns and Adjectives used as Accusative of 
'Result Produced.' 176. 2; A. & G. 238. b; H. 371. II. 

5. Cognate Accusative. 176. 4; A. & G. 238; H. 371. II. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. gloria virtutem sequitur, glory follozvs virtue. 

2. omnia quae curant meminerunt, they remember all things 
for which they care. 

3. foedus ferire, to strike a treaty. 

4. omnes terrores subibo, / shall endure all terrors. 

5. hortos Epicuri modo praeteribamus, we were just now 
going past the gardens of Epicurus. 

6. Xenophon eadem 1 fere peccat, Xenophon commits almost 
the same errors. 

7. vellem idem 2 possem gloriari, would that I could make 
the same boast. 

8. unum 3 studetis, you have a single interest. 

13 



14 



Lati?i Composition. 



9. Caesar multum 4 equitatu valebat, Caesar was strong in 
cavalry. 

10. mirum somnium somniavi, / dreamed a remarkable 
dream. 

Notes on the Examples. 

1) eadem peccat : literally, errs the same things, i.e. makes the 
same errors. 

2) idem gloriari : literally, boast the same thing. 

3) unum studetis : literally, you are zealous a single thing. 

4) multum valebat : literally, availed much. 



VOCABULARY. 



allies, socii, orum, m. 
attack, impetus, us, m. 
attend, comitor, ari, atus 

sum. 
band, manus, us, f. (lit. hand). 
build, struo, ere, struxi, 

striictus. 
cross, transeo, ire, ii, itiirus. 
grieve, grieve at, doleo, ere, 

ui, iturus. 
hardship, labor, oris, m. 
harm, do harm, noceo, ere, ui, 

iturus. 
jump over, transilio, ire, ui. 



meet (trans.), convenio, ire, 

veni, ventus. 
old man, senex, senis, m. 
pass, spend, dego, ere, degi. 
reply, make reply, responded, 

ere, spondi, sponsus. 
shudder, shudder at, horreo, 

ere, ui. 
suitable, idoneus, a, urn. 
think, entertain sentiments, sen- 

tio, ire, sensi, sensus. 
youth, time of youth, juventus, 

utis, f. 



EXERCISE. 

1. Those who have lived a useful life will pass a 
happy old age. 2. We shall always assist our friends. 

3. The soldiers were grieving over their many hardships. 

4. Remus jumped over the walls which his brother had 



The Accusative. 15 

built. 5. All good men entertain the same senti- 
ments 1 concerning Catiline's conspiracy. 6. The shep- 
herds who attended the young men slew the king. 
7. Romulus and Remus with a band of armed men made an 
attack on king 2 Amulius. 8. You, citizens, will shudder 
at the cruelty which our Sicilian allies have suffered. 
9. The soldiers who had crossed the River Rhine 
followed their commander into Germany. 10. The 
envoys of the Helvetii made this reply. 3 11. What 
interests have old men? 12. Pompey made many 
other mistakes. 4 13. We approached the men you 
had already met. 14. Why did you laugh at your 
brother's folly? 15. We have done no 5 harm. 16. The 
soldiers chose a suitable place and at once fortified a 
camp. 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. Translate as though the English were ' think the same things ' ; 
use the neuter plural of the pronoun. 

2. In Latin the proper name, when designating a person, regularly 
precedes; hence Amulius rex, King Amulius; Cicero c5nsul f 
the consul Cicero. 

3. Translate as though the English were ' replied these things.' 
Cf. Suggestion i. 

4. See Example 6. 

5. Use nihil. 



LESSON VI. 

THE ACCUSATIVE {continued'). 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. Two Accusatives, — Direct Object and Predicate Accusa- 
tive. 177. 1; A. & G. 239. a. 1. a-, H. 373 and 1. 

2. Adjective as Predicate Accusative. 177.2; A. & G. 239. 
a. I. N. 1; H. 373. I. N. 2. 

3. Passive Construction of the Foregoing Verbs. 177. 3; 
A. & G. 239. a. 1. a. N. 2; H. 373. 2. 

4. Two Accusatives, — Person Affected and Result Pro- 
duced. 178. I. a-e; A. & G. 239. b. 2; H. 374. 

5. Passive Construction of these Verbs. 178. 2; A. & G. 
239. b. 2. c. Rem.; H. 374. 1. 

6. Two Accusatives with Compound Verbs. 179. 1-3; A. 
& G. 239. b. 2. b; H. 376. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. Ancum Marcium regem populus creavit, the people elected 
Ancus Marcius king. ^ 

2. BoiSs socios sibi asciscunt, they took the Boii as their 
allies. 

3. haec fama itinera infesta reddiderat, this rumor had 
rendered the roads dangerous. 

4. liber de amicitia qui inscribitur Laelius, the book on 
friendship, which is entitled Laelius. 

5. ipse honestissimus numerabatur, he himself was accounted 
most distinguished. 

16 



The Accusative. l*j 

6. numquam divitias deds rogavl, I have never asked wealth 
from the gods. 

7. cur id me rogas, why do you ask me that? 

8. illud me admones, you give me that admonition. 

9. faciam illud quod rogatus sum, / will do that zvhich I 
have been asked. 

10. multa admonemur, we are given many admonitions. 

11. milites navibus flumen transportat, he sets his troops 
across the river by boats. 

12. Belgae sunt Rhenum traductl, the Belgians were led 
across the Rhine. 

Remarks. 

1. Posco, postulS, flagitS, while admitting the construction of 
two accusatives, more commonly take the accusative of the thing asked 
and the ablative with afo of the person. Peto regularly takes the 
latter construction, as tribunatum a. Caesare petivi, / asked a 
trihcneship from Caesar. 

2. Rogo, inquire, besides neuter pronouns and adjectives, admits 
only sententiam as accusative of the thing. 

3. Doceo may take an infinitive in place of the accusative of the 
thing, as te doceo sentire, / teach you to perceive. The compound 
edoce5 is the only verb of teaching that is freely used in the passive. 



VOCABULARY. 



accomplice, conscius, ii, m. 
adjudge, judge, judico, are, 

avi, atus. 
bridge, p5ns, pontis, m. 
concerning, de, prep, with abl. 
country, native country, patria, 

ae, f. 
energy, virtus, utis, f. 
honorable, honestus, a, urn. 
c 



pay, stipendium, 1, n. 
powerful, potens, entis. 
regard, existimo, are, avi, 

atus. 
respect, vereor, eri, itus sum. 
salute, saluto, are, avi, atus. 
tribune, tribunus, 1, m. 
troops, copiae, arum, f. 
watchfulness, vigilantia, ae, f. 



1 8 Latin Composition. 

EXERCISE. 

i. The tribunes of the tenth legion demand their pay 
of the general. 2. The consul's watchfulness and 
energy made the city safe. 3. Why did you give my 
friend this admonition? 4. The Romans called Cicero 
the father of his country. 5. I never gave you this 
exhortation. 6. The soldiers will salute their leader 
as Imperator. 7. Julius Caesar made himself power- 
ful. 8. We shall teach our children to respect the 
old. 9. Tissaphernes was adjudged an enemy of 
the Persians. 10. These horsemen were regarded 
as the best. 11. Caesar's soldiers were twice led 
across the Rhine. 12. He had been taught all things 1 
which the Romans regard honorable. 13. Having 
been asked this, he answered briefly. 2 14. The sena- 
tors were asked their opinion concerning the accom- 
plices of Catiline. 15. Darius led his troops across 
the bridge which he had made over 3 the Danube. 
16. They had been given this admonition. 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. Use the neuter plural of omnis. 

2. In Latin, ' answered a few things.' 

3. over the Danube : the Latin idiom is in DanuviS, literally, 
in the Danube. 



LESSON VII. 

THE ACCUSATIVE {continued). 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. Accusative of Time and Space. 181. i; A. & G. 240. e\ 

H. 379- 

2. Accusative of Limit of Motion. 182. 1-4; A. & G. 258. 
2. a, b, Notes 1-3; H. 380. I, II. 1, 2. 

3. Accusative in Exclamations. 183; A. & G. 240 d; H. 
381. 

4. Accusative as Subject of Infinitive. 184; A. & G. 240/; 
H. 536. 

5. Other Accusative Uses. 185; A. & G. 240. b; H. 378. 2. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. decern annos regnavit, he reigned ten years. 

2. hie locus ab hoste sescentos passus aberat, this place 
was six hundred paces distant from the ene?ny. 

3. ratis ducentSs longa pedes, a raft two hundred feet long. 

4. Delphos missi sunt, they were sent to Delphi. 

5. domos redeunt, they return to their homes. 

6. in Galliam ulteri5rem contendit et ad Genevam per- 
venit, he hastened to Gaul and arrived in the vicinity of Geneva. 

7. Thalam pervenit, in oppidum magnum, he came to Thala, 
a large tozun. 

8. nuntium ad exercitum Acen misit, he sent a messenger 
to his army at Ace. 

19 . 



20 Latin Composition. 

9. heu me infelicem, Ah, wretched me ! 

10. pueros in Tiberim mitti jussit, he ordered the boys to be 
thrown into the Tiber. 

1 1 . aliquid id genus, something of that sort. 

12. vir cetera egregius, a man excellent in other respects. 

13. maximam partem lacte vivunt, they live for the most 
part on milk. 

Remarks. 

1. Id temporis, id aetatis, at that time, and id genus, of that 
kind, were never frequently employed by Latin writers in good prose. 
To say at that time, use eo tempore (230 ; A. & G. 256. 1 ; H. 429) ; 
of that kind, ejus modi (203 ; A. & G. 215. a ; H. 419. 11). 

2. Observe that the accusative of the part affected (variously desig- 
nated as Greek Accusative, Synecdochical Accusative, and Accusative 
of Specification) is regularly confined to poetry ; such expressions as 
Virgil's 6s umerosque de5 similis should not be taken as models 
for prose writing. The Ablative of Specification (226; A. & G. 253; 
H. 424) is the proper case to denote this relation. 

3. A favorite way of saying so many years old, was by means of the 
phrase annSs natus, as, sexaginta annos natus, sixty years old, 
lrterally born sixty years. 

4. To denote duration for a small number of days or years it is 
customary to use biduum, trlduum, quadriduum, two days, three 
days, four days ; and biennium, triennium, quadriennium, two 
years, three years, four years. 



VOCABULARY. 



ancient, antiquus, a, urn. 
battle, piigna, ae, f. 
broad, latus, a, um. 
camp, castra, orum, n. 
children, Hberi, orum, m. 
climb over, transcendo, ere, 
endi. 



die, morior, mori, mortuus 
sum. 

enemy, hostis, is, c; collec- 
tively, — the enemy, hostes, 
ium, m. 

foot, pes, pedis, m. 

luckless, Infelix, Icis. 



The Accusative. 21 



mile, mille passuum, literally, 
thousand paces; pi. milia 
passuum, n. 

put to death, neco, are, avi, 
atus. 



set out, proficiscor, 1, pro- 

fectus sum. 
thick, crassus, a, urn, 
writer, scriptor, oris, m. 



EXERCISE. 

1. The Roman soldiers set out for the vicinity of 
Capua. 2. The thwarts of the rowers were one foot 
broad and three inches thick. 3. Near Philippi was 
fought a great battle. 4. Cato the Elder died at the 
age of eighty-five years. 5. Those who came to the 
city will return home. 1 6. The camp of the enemy was 
six miles away. 7. The soldiers climbed over a wall 
ten feet high. 8. O luckless man ! 9. The envoys 
who had been sent to Rome returned to Carthage in 
Africa. 2 10. They came to Thebes, which was fifty 
miles distant from 3 Athens. 11. Archias came to 
Antioch, a most flourishing city. 12. The works of the 
ancient writers have in large part perished. 13. The 
king ordered all male children to be put to death. 
14. Those who had been proscribed fled for the most 
part to the country. 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. Use the plural domos. See 353. 1. 

2. See Example 8. 

3. Use ab to denote the point from which distance is measured. 
See 229. 2. 



LESSON VIII. 

THE DATIVE. 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

(Dative of Indirect Object.) 

i. Indirect Object in Connection with a Direct Object after 
Transitive Verbs. 187. 1 and a; A. & G. 225; H. 384. II. 

2. Indirect Object with Intransitive Verbs. 187. II; A. & 
G. 226, 227; H. 384. I, 385. 

3. Passive Construction of the Last Class of Verbs. 187. 
II. b; A. & G. 230; H. 384. II. 5. 

4. Indirect Object with Compound Verbs. 187. III. 1, 2; 
A. &G. 228; H. 386 and 1. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. praestat tibi benevolentiam, he shows you kindness. 

2. praedam militibus donat, he gives the plunder to the sol- 
diers. 

3. Aeduorum civitati Caesar indulserat, Caesar had favored 
the slate of the Aedui. 

4. Thessaliae civitates Pelopidam coronis ddnaverunt, the 
states of Thessaly presented Pelopidas with golden crowns. 

5. aciem suam carris circumdederunt, they placed their line 
of battle around the zuagons. 

6. Treviri ejus imperio non parebant, the Treviri did not 
obey his order. 

7. nocere alteri, to injure one's neighbor. 

22 



The Dative. 23 

8. aedificiis omnibus pepercit, he spared all buildings. 

9. probus invidet nemini, the upright man envies no one. 

10. ali5rum laudl atque gloriae maxime invidetur, the 
praise and glory of others is especially envied ; literally, it is envied 
to the praise and glory, etc. 

11. mini non persuasum est, I have not been persuaded ; lit- 
erally, it has not been persuaded to me. 

12. Pelopidas omnibus periculis adfuit, Pelopidas was pres- 
ent at all dangers. 

13. Asia iibertate agrorum omnibus terris antecellit, Asia 
surpasses all countries in the fertility of its lands. 

14. amicitiam omnibus rebus humanis antepSnimus, we set 
friendship before all human things. 



15. mihi invidetur, / am 
envied ; 

tibi invidetur, you are 
envied ; 

ei invidetur, he is en- 
vied ; 



nobis invidetur, we are en- 
vied ; 

vobis invidetur, you are en- 
vied ; 

eis invidetur, they are envied. 



Remarks. 

1. Persuaded and noceo, besides the dative of the person, may 
take the Accusative of Result Produced. This construction, however, 
is confined to narrow limits ; the chief accusatives so used are hoc, 
illud, id, quod, quid (interrogative and indefinite) , aliquid, nihil. 
Examples are : 

hoc Anaximandro non persuasit, he did not persuade Anaxi- 
mander to this effect. 

quid mihi istius inimicitiae nocebunt, what harm will that 
fellow's hostility do me? 

2. In the passive construction of these verbs the accusative of the 
thing is retained, eg. 

hoc ipsis Siculis persuasum est, the Sicilians themselves were 
persuaded to this effect. 



24 



Latin Composition. 



3. With mitto and scrlbo one may use either the accusative with 
ad or the dative, according as the idea of motion is or is not predomi- 
nant. Thus either mihi or ad. me scripsisti, you wrote to me. 



VOCABULARY. 



abandoned, perditus, a, um. 
charge, be in charge, praesum, 

esse, fui; put in charge, 

praeficio, ere, feci, fectus ; 

with ace. of direct object and 

dat. of the indirect, 
election, comitia, orum, n. 
enjoin, praecipio, ere, cepi, 

ceptus. 
furnish, praebeo, ere, ui, itus. 
grain, frumentum, 1, n. 



headlong, praeceps, cipitis. 

liberal, largus, a, um. 

neither . . . nor, neque . . . 

neque (nee . . . nee). 
provincials, socil, orum, m. 
reward, munus, eris, n. 
survive, supersum, esse, fui. 
threats, minae, arum, f. 
yield, cedo, ere, cessi, ces- 

surus. 



EXERCISE. 

1. All good citizens will obey the laws of the Roman 
people. 2. The consul surrounded the infantry with 
a great multitude of cavalry. 3. Cicero resisted the 
headlong fury and impious crime of abandoned men. 
4. The Romans rewarded with much land Horatius 
Codes, who had defended the bridge. 5. Cicero 
yielded neither to the fury of Catiline nor to the threats 
of his accomplices. 6. My friends will not envy this 
glory of mine. 7. Most liberal rewards were given 
to the embassadors of the Allobroges. 8. The Gauls 
furnished horsemen, grain, and money to Caesar. 
9. Lentulus will not be spared. 10. We are all en- 
vied. 1 1 . Verres, who was quaestor of Sicily, spared no 



The Dative. 25 

temples of the provincials. 12. I enjoin this upon you 
all. 13. Labienus, Caesar's lieutenant, was in charge of 
three legions. 14. The laws were obeyed. 15. Me- 
tellus was in charge of that priestly office twenty years. 
16. Pyrrhus and the Samnites were persuaded to this 
effect. 17. I will do you no injury. 18. Caesar put 
those tribunes whom he considered best in charge of the 
cohorts. 19. Write me the letter which you promised. 
20. This father survives all his children. 21. The whole 
people attended the last election. 

Cicero's Oration for Roscius of Ameria. 

At the age of twenty-six years Cicero undertook the 
case of Roscius of Ameria, whose father, a wealthy 
man, had been murdered. This circumstance inspired 
in Chrysogonus, a freedman of Sulla, the hope of 
(getting) 1 the property. Accordingly he 2 accused the 
son ; but 3 Cicero yielded neither to fear nor threats, 
and after a vigorous defence acquitted 4 Roscius of 5 this 
charge. 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. Words in parenthesis are not to be translated. 

2. Use hie. 

3. Use autem, which is the regular particle for expressing the Eng- 
lish ' but ' denoting a mere transition ; sed is strongly adversative, 
implying decided contrast. 

4. Litaero is used of a lawyer acquitting his client ; absolvo is 
used of the judges. 

5. Express this relation by the simple ablative. 



LESSON IX. 

THE DATIVE {continued). 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. Dative of Reference. 188. i; A. & G. 235; H. 384. II. 
4. N. 2. 

2. Dative of Local Standpoint. 188. 2. a; A. & G. 235. b; 
H. 384. II. 4. N. 3. 

3. Ethical Dative. 188. 2. b; A. & G. 236; H. 389. 

4. Dative of Person Judging. 188. 2. c. 

5. Dative of Separation. 188. 2. d; A. & G. 229 ; H. 385. 
II. 2. 

6. Dative of Agency. 189. 1, 2; A. & G. 232; H. 388. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. puerS dormienti caput ardebat, the head of the boy burned 
as he slept ; lit. the head burned to the boy sleeping. 

2. sese omnes Caesari ad pedes projecerunt, they all threw 
themselves at Caesar 's feet ; lit. to Caesar at the feet. 

3. oppidum primum Thessaliae venientibus ab Epiro, the 
first town of Thessaly as you come from Epirus. 

4. quid sibi vult, what does he mean ? lit. wish for himself. 

5. ego tibi oratorem sic instituam, /'// train you an orator 
in the following way . 

6. animo cupienti nihil satis festinatur, to an eager mind 
nothing goes fast enough. 

7. fortunatus sibi Damocles videbatur, to himself Damocles 
seemed fortunate. 

26 



The Dative. 



27 



8. reddite ei vitam cui ademistis, restore life to him from 
whom you have taken it. 

9. multum tuis operibus diuturnitas detrahet, time tvill 
take away much from your achievements. 

10. diligentia praecipue colenda est nobis, carefulness must 
be especially cultivated by us. 

11. omnibus hominibus moriendum est, all men must die. 

1 2. qui tibi ad caedem constituti sunt, who have been marked 
by you for murder. 

Remarks. 

1. Except in the phrase sibi velle, to mean, the Ethical Dative is 
rare, being confined mainly to colloquial language and to poetry. 

2. Note that for the purpose of avoiding ambiguity the ablative with 
a, (ab) is used even with the gerundive, as, — hostibus a nobis par- 
cendum est, we must spare our enemies. 



avenue, avenue of approach, 

aditus, us, n. 
brave, fortis, e. 
come down, descendo, ere, 

endi, followed by de with 

abl. 
cut off, intercludo, ere, clusi, 

clusus. 
foundation, fundamentum, 1, 

n. 
interdict, interdico, ere, dixi, 



VOCABULARY. 

son and abl. of the thing from 

which, 
left, left hand, sinister, tra, 

trum. 
lust, libido, inis, f. 
new, novus, a, una. 
open, aperio, ire, aperui, 

apertus. 
sin, peccatum, 1, n. 
water, aqua, ae, f. 
way, route, iter, itineris, n. 



dictus, with dat. of the per- 



EXERCISE. 

1. These brave men blocked the way of the enemy 1 
with their own bodies. 2. Good friends must not be 



28 Latin Composition. 

injured by us. 3. These projects seemed good to most 
citizens. 4. The temple of Saturn is situated on the 
left hand as you come down from the Palatine Hill to 
the Roman Forum. 5. We shall cut these men 2 off 
from every avenue of approach. 6. The provincials 
must be defended by the citizens. 7. He snatched the 
ring from the woman. 8. Romulus and Remus laid the 
foundations of a new city. 3 9. You have taken away 
from this excellent man the name of Roman citizen. 
10. Liberal arts ought to be prized by all. 11. The 
Romans interdicted Cicero 4 from fire and water. 
12. What sense 5 have lust and avarice? 13. To my 
mind 6 pleasure is not the highest good. 14. The asy- 
lum which Romulus opened was on the Capitoline 
as you come down from the citadel. 15. To the 
Stoics all sins were equal. 16. Much money and many 
statues were taken from the Sicilians. 17. You must 
resist old age. 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. In Latin, ' blocked the way to the enemy.' 

2. In Latin, ' cut off all avenues to these men.' 

3. In Latin ' to a new city.' 

4. In Latin ' interdicted from fire and water to Cicero.' 

5. Use volo with the Ethical Dative. 

6. In Latin, ' to me.' 



LESSON X. 

V 

THE DATIVE {continued). 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. Dative of Possession. 190 and 1; A. & G. 231 and b; 
H. 387 and N. 1. 

2. Dative of Purpose. 191. 1, 2; A. & G. 233 and a, b; H. 
390. I, II. 

3. Dative with Adjectives. 192. 1, 2; A. & G. 234 and a; 
H. 391. 1. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. nobis sunt conjuges et liberl, we have wives and children. 

2. tons cui nomen Arethusa est, a fountain which has the 
name Arethusa. 

3. Faustuld ei fuit nomen, Faustulus was his name, 

4. dies colloquiS dictus est, a day was set for a conference. 

5. German! auxilio a Belgis arcessiti sunt, the Germans 
were summoned by the Belgians for aid. 

6. una res nostris magnS usui erat, one thing was of great 
advantage to our men, lit. to our men for great advantage. 

7. quinque cohortes castris praesidid reliquit, he left five 
cohorts as a guard for the camp. 

8. res tuae mibi maximae curae sunt, your interests are of 
the greatest concern to me. 

9. cui bono est, to whom is it of advantage ? lit. for an ad- 
vantage. 

29 



30 Latin Composition. 

10. hoc mihi detriments est, this is a disadvantage to me. 

1 1. genus litterarum meis studils aptum, a kind of literature 
suited to my studies. 

12. leges secundissimas plebei, adversas nobilitati tulit, he 

proposed laws most favorable to the people, but hostile to the nobility. 

Remarks. 

i. For the difference between the Dative of Possession and the Pos- 
sessive Genitive, see Lesson XI, Remark 3. 

2. The Dative of Possession is mainly used with reference to ma- 
terial possessions ; the possession of mental qualities is more frequently 
indicated in other ways. 

3. With nomen est the name is very rarely attracted into the Dative 
in Cicero's writings, though quite commonly so attracted in later 
authors. Either construction, therefore, is quite idiomatic. 

4. The chief verbs that take a Dative of Purpose besides sum are : 
relinquo, deligo, dico, mittS, venio, habeS, duco. 

5. Among the commonest Datives of Purpose used with esse are : 
auxiliS, curae, detriments, fraud!, lucro, saluti, impedi- 
ments, odi5, praesidio. 



VOCABULARY. 



abode, domicilium, 1, n. 
aid, subsidium, 1, n. 
captive, captivus, 1, m. 
death, mors, mortis, f. 
harmless, innoxius, a, um. 
hatred, odium, 1, n. 
house, domus, us, f. 
kind, genus, eris, n. 



loyal, fidelis, e. 

neighbor, vicinus, 1, m. 

period of life, aetas, atis, f. 

sailor, nauta, ae, m. 

select, deligo, ere, legi, lectus. 

state, civitas, atis, f. 

wind, ventus, 1, m. 

young man, juvenis, is, m. 



EXERCISE. 



1. My neighbors are most friendly to me. 2. Death 
is common to every period of life. 3. In every state 



The Dative. 31 

those who have no wealth envy the well-to-do. 4. Verres 
has many statues which he took away from the provin- 
cials. 5. The wind whose name is Aquilo is most 
adverse to sailors. 6. Your father has lands and houses 
in the vicinity of Rome. 7. These kinds of oratory are 
suited to young men. 8. The name of the man whom 
the Romans chose as praetor was Metellus. 9. One 
pupil will be better adapted to history, another to geome- 
try. 10. The names of the sons of Tarquinius Superbus 
were Sextus and Arruns. n. Caesar selected a place 
suitable for a camp. 12. Men who injure the state are 
an object of hatred to us. 13. Those who regard Cati- 
line as a harmless citizen are my greatest source of 
anxiety. 1 14. We sent as aid to you the two legions 
which we considered most loyal. 15. They chose this 
place as an abode. 16. The king sent these captives 
to Xerxes as a gift. 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. In Latin, ' are for the greatest anxiety to me.' 



LESSON XI. 

THE GENITIVE. 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. Genitive of Origin. 196. 

2. Genitive of Material. 197; A. & G. 214. e. 

3. Genitive of Possession. 198. 1,3; A. & G. 214. a. i,c; 
H. 396. 1. 

4. Subjective Genitive. 199; A. & G. 214; H. 396. II. 

5. Objective Genitive. 200; A. & G. 217; H. 396. III. 



EXAMPLES. 

1. Marci films, Marcus's son. 

2. talentum auri, a talent of gold. 

3. signa decimae legionis, the standards of the tenth legion. 

4. libertatis causa, for freedoj7i's sake. 

5. amicitiae gratia, for friendship's sake. 

6. manus captivorum, the hands of the prisoners. 

7. stulti est haec sperare, it is {the part) of a fool to hope 
this. 

8. angusti animi est amare divitias, it is {characteristic) of 
a narrow mind to love riches. 

9. metus parentum, the fears of parents. 

10. questus mulierum, the laments of the women. 

11. studium virtutis, the pursuit of virtue. 

12. memoria bene factorum, the recollection of good deeds, 
lit. of things zuell done. 

32 



The Genitive. 



33 



Remarks. 

i. Causa, is much commoner than gratia in the sense on account 
of, for the sake of 

2. The Objective Genitive occurs most frequently in combination 
with nouns derived from verbs that govern the accusative ; yet by an 
extension of usage we sometimes find the genitive used with nouns 
derived from verbs that govern other cases, e.g. c5nsuetudo homi- 
num, intercourse with men {cf. consuescere cum hominibus, to 
associate with men) ; excessus Vltae, departure from life {cf ex- 
cedere e vita, to depart from life). 

3. The Genitive of Possession, as compared with the Dative of Pos- 
sessor, gives emphasis to the possessor ; the Dative emphasizes rather 
the fact of possession, e.g. hortus mei patris est, the garden is my 
father's; mini hortus est, I possess a garden. 



VOCABULARY. 



ample, amplus, a, um. 
arraignment, accusatio, onis, f. 
bring under, redigo, ere, egl, 

actus, const, with sub and ace. 
character, nature, natura, ae, f. 
excuse, exciisatio, onis, f. 
fall upon, incido, ere, incidi, 

with dat. of indirect object. 
hear, audio, ire, Ivi, itus. 
knowledge, scientia, ae, f. 
leave, relinquo, ere, liqui, lic- 

tus. 



longing, desiderium, T, n. 
meditate, meditor, ari, atus 

sum. 
memory, memoria, ae, f. 
shower, imber, imbris, m. 
stone, lapis, idis, m. 
touch, move, moveo, ere, 

movi, motus. 
withstand, sustain, sustineo, 

ere, ui, tentus. 



EXERCISE. 

1. The inhabitants of that island were brought under 
the power of the Athenians. 2. Longing for you never 
leaves me. 3. Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus were the 



34 Latin Composition. 

sons of Cornelia. 4. The consul meditates an arraign- 
ment of Catiline's accomplices. 5. A shower of stones 
fell upon the soldiers. 6. Your memory of me will 
touch my father. 7. Cicero's house was torn down. 

8. The Spartans did not withstand the enemy's attack. 

9. Whose soldiers remained loyal? 10. The character 
of all states has ever been the same 11. The excuses 
of these men seemed empty to me. 12. We shall 
leave our friends as the guardians of this city. 13. Do 
you consider this boy's knowledge ample? 14. The 
cries of the women and children were clearly heard. 






LESSON XII. 

THE GENITIVE {continued). 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. Genitive of the Whole ('Partitive Genitive'). 201 
entire; A. & G. 216. a, c, e; H. 397. 1-4. 

2. Genitive of Quality. 203.1-5; A. & G. 215. a, b; 252. a; 
H. 396. V. 

3. Appositional Genitive. 202; A. & G. 214. 2./; H. 396. 



VI. 



EXAMPLES. 



1. quinque milia passuum, Jive miles, lit. Jive thousands oj 
paces. 

2. quis nostrum, who ojus ? 

3. quid est causae, what reason is there ? 

4. unus ex amicis nostris, one of our Jriends. 

5. quot v5s estis, how many of you are there ? 

6. pertuli poenarum satis, / have endured enough penalties. 

7. plus rnali, more mischief. 

8. aliquid illnstre, something fzmozis. 

9. ubi terrarum eras, where in the world were you ? 

10. vir magni animi, a man of high purpose. 

11. hujus modi cdnsilia, plans of this sort. 

12. porticus trecentorum pedum, a portico three hundred 
feet long, lit. of 300 feet. 

13. quanti est aestimanda virtus, how highly virtue ought to 
be prized ! lit. ofhozv much (value). 

35 



36 Latin Composition. 

14. quanti aedes emisti, at hozu high a price did you buy the 
house ? 

15. illae omnes dissensiones erant ejus modi, all those dis- 
sensions were of this kind. 

16. n5men pacis dulce est, the name {of) 'peace' is sweet. 

Remarks. 

1. Observe that the Genitive of Quality when applied to persons is 
properly used only of permanent characteristics; incidental or transi- 
tory qualities cannot be indicated except by the ablative. See Lesson 
XVIII, Remark 1. 

2. Note that the adjectives most frequently employed in connection 
with a genitive to denote quality are adjectives of amount {e.g. magnus, 
maximus, summus, tantus, and numerals) ; ejus, hujus, etc., in 
combination with modi, also occur frequently. 

VOCABULARY. 



beautiful, pulcher, pulchra, 

pulchrum. 
dead, mortuus, a, urn. 
eldest, maximus natu. 
embankment, agger, eris, m. 
excellent, egregius, a, urn. 
greatest, highest, summus, a, 

um. 
hateful, odiosus, a, um. 
justice, justitia, ae, f. 
name, nomen, inis, n. 



plan, consilium, 1, n. 

regard, consider, existimo, are, 

avi, atus. 
see, video, ere, vidi, visus. 
sesterce, sestertius, 1, m., gen. 

pi. sestertium, Roman coin 

worth about 5 cents, 
slay, occido, ere, cidi, cisus. 
trench, fossa, ae, f. 
yesterday, heri. 



EXERCISE. 



1. How much money did the eldest of these brothers 
lose? 2. Aristides was regarded as a man of the 
greatest justice. 3. Yesterday we walked fourteen 



TJie Genitive. 37 

miles. 4. The name of king was always hateful to 
the Roman people. 5. Your brother promised me 
forty thousand sesterces. 6. Did you buy these lands 
at a low price 1 or a high one ? 7. How many thousand 
men were slain? 2 8. We regard plans of that sort as 
of the smallest value. 1 9. Two of the soldiers were left 
dead. 10. The soldiers dug a trench twelve feet deep 
and raised an embankment sixteen feet high. 11. Who 
of you will dishonor a man of so excellent character? 

12. What more beautiful (thing) have you seen? 

13. How many of these children were there? 14. A 
certain one of the tribunes had much power. 15. Mil- 
tiades, who routed many thousand Persians, was a general 
of the greatest valor. 

Cicero's Oration for Roscius the Actor. 

Cicero afterwards delivered a speech in behalf of 
another Roscius. This was Quintus Roscius the come- 
dian. A certain man had had a slave whose name was 
Panurgus. This slave he had given to Roscius, who was 
teaching him the art of acting, 3 having promised his 
master half of all his earnings. 4 But by chance the slave 
was murdered, and his master now demanded of Roscius 
fifty thousand sesterces on account of that loss. 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. The words for ' price ' and ' value ' are not to be rendered in Latin. 

2. See Lesson II, Example 13. 

3. art of acting : ars cSmica. 

4. all his earnings : omnis quaestus, lit. of all gain. 



LESSON XIII. 

THE GENITIVE (co?itinued). 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. Genitive with Adjectives- 204. 1-3; A. & G. 218. a, b; 
234. d and 2; H. 399. I, II; 391. II. 4. (2). footnote 3. 

2. Genitive with mem in/, reminlscor, obllviscor. 206. 1, 2; 
A. & G. 219. 1, 2, and a-, H. 406. II; 407 and N. I. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. semper appetentes gloriae atque avidi laudis fuistis, 

you were always desirous of glory and eager for praise. 

2. vir bellorum peritissimus, a man most experienced in 
wars. 

3. habetis ducem memorem vestri, you have a leader mind- 
ful of you. 

4. omnia plena luctus et maeroris fuerunt, all things were 
full of mourning and sorrow. 

5. fuit hoc quondam proprium populi Romani, this was 
formerly characteristic of the Roman people. 

6. ipsa calamitas communis est utriusque nostrum, the 
calamity itself is common to each of us. 

7. tui similis, like you. 

8. hdc non veri simile est, this is not likely. 

9. vivorum memini, / re?nember the living. 

10. Cinnam memini, I recall Cinna. 

11. Epicuri n5n licet oblivisci, we cannot forget Epicurus. 

12. meministis ilium diem, you remember that day. 

38 




The Geiiitive. 39 

13. numquam obliviscar noctis illius, / shall never forget 
that night. 

14. obliviscor tuas injurias, I forget yottr injuries. 

15. reminiscens veteris famae, remembering the old report. 

16. haec reminiscitur, he remembers this. 

17. multa memini, I remember many things. 

Remarks. 

1. While memini and obliviscor take either the accusative or the 
genitive of the thing remembered or forgotten, yet in Cicero the genitive 
is much the commoner construction ; but 

2. Note that neuter pronouns (as haec, ilia, ea, ista, quae, etc.) 
and adjectives used substantively (as multa, pauca, omnia) regu- 
larly stand in the accusative. 

3. Recordor almost invariably takes the accusative ; a genitive with 
this verb is extremely rare. 

4. ReminlscI is rarely used, especially with an object denoting a 
person ; but reminiscens and reminlscendl regularly supply the 
missing participle and gerund of memini. 

VOCABULARY. 



ancestors, majores, um, m. 
bitterness, acerbitas, atis, f. 
bloodshed, caedes, is, f. 
characteristic of, proprius, a, 

um. 
civil, civilis, e. 
conspirators, conjurati, orum, 

m. 
few, pauci, ae, a. 



humanity, humanitas, atis, f. 
ignorant, ignarus, a, um. 
illustrious, illustris, e. 
law-court, basilica, ae, f. 
power, potentia, ae, f. 
sorrow, maeror, oris, m. 
statue, statua, ae, f. 
temple, templum, 1, n. 



EXERCISE. 

i. Do you bear in mind your illustrious ancestors? 
2. Have you forgotten this battle? 3. The conspirators 



40 Latin Composition. 

were eager for power and wealth. 4. We remember 
few things. 5. The man whom you adjudged careless 
of the republic is mindful of his duty. 6. We have not 
forgotten Marius and Sulla. 7. Are you ignorant of the 
law and the statutes of your own state? 8. Remember- 
ing the bitterness of his former sorrow, he valued his new 
honors more highly. 9. Justice and humanity have ever 
been characteristic of the Roman people. 10. Those 
things which they remember are ^of small account. 
11. The Roman Forum was full of temples, statues, and 
law-courts. 12. Those who remember the civil wars 
will never forget the bloodshed and sorrow of which they 
were the cause. 13. Those who are unmindful of their 
country are like you, Catiline. 14. The poet Ennius, 
whom you easily recall, was a friend of Cato, the Elder. 
15. Have you forgotten all the things we heard? 




LESSON XIV. 

THE GENITIVE {continued). 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. Genitive with ac/moneo, commoneo, commonefacio. 207 
and a, b; A. & G. 219. c; H. 409. I. 

2. Genitive with Verbs of Judicial Action. 208. 1, 2, a, &; 
A. & G. 220. a, b; H. 409. II; 410. Ill and N. 2. 

3. Genitive with Impersonal Verbs. 209. 1; A. & G. 221. 
b; H. 409. III. 

4. Genitive with misereor, miseresco. 209. 2; A. & G. 221. 
a; H. 406. 

5. Genitive with interest and refert. 210; 211. 1-4; A. & 
G. 222 and a; H. 408. I-III. 

6. Genitive with Other Verbs. 212. 1, 2; A. & G. 223 and 
a; H. 410. V. 1, 3. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. ipse te veteris amicitiae commonefacit, he himself re- 
minds you of your former friendship. 

2. de studiis nos admones, you remind us of 'our studies. 

3. haec te admoneo, I give you this admonition. 

4. Miltiades proditidnis est accusatus, Miltiades was ac- 
cused of treason.. 

5. te avaritiae coarguo, / convict you of greed. 

6. majestatis absoluti sunt permulti, very many have been 
acquitted of treason. 

7. capitis damnatus, condemned on a capital charge. 

41 



42 Latin Composition. 

8. pecuniae piiblicae est condemnatus, he was condemned on 
a charge of embezzlement, lit. of public money, i.e. of taking it. 

9. tertia parte agri damnati sunt, they were condemned {to 
pay) a third of their land. 

10. capite damnatus est, he was condemned to death. 

11. me tui et tudrum liberum miseret, I pity you and your 
children. 

12. me stultitiae meae pudet, I am ashamed of my folly. 

13. me paenitet h5c fecisse, I repent having done this. 

14. miseremini ejus, pity him. 

15. hoc rei publicae interfuit, this concerned the common- 
wealth. 

16. nostra interest, it concerns us. 

17. omnium nostrum interest, it concerns us all. 

18. tua parvi refert, it concerns you little. 

19. indigeo tui consilii, / need your counsel. 

Remarks. 

1. Moneo in the best period is not construed with the genitive. 

2. In Cicero eged (with perhaps a single exception) is followed by 
the ablative of the thing needed ; indigeS at all periods regularly takes 
the genitive. 

3. In Cicero at least, — and probably also generally, — interest is 
much more commonly used than refert. 

VOCABULARY. 



act, factum, 1, n. 

ashamed, it shames, pudet, ere, 

puduit, impersonal. 
at hand, be at hand, adsum, 

esse, fui, raturus. 
concern, it concerns, interest, 

esse, fuit; refert, referre, 

retulit, impersonal. 



convict, condemno, are, avi, 
atus. 

cowardice, ignavia, ae, f. 

disaster, clades, is, f. 

escape, evado, ere, vasl, vi- 
sum. 

greatly, magnopere. 

help, assistance, auxilium, 1, n. 



The Genitive. 43 



intention, consilium, 1, n. 

nevertheless, tamen. 

remind, admoneo, ere, ui, 

itus. 
repent, be sorry, it repents, 



paenitet, ere, ituit, imper- 
sonal. 

snatch, snatch away, eripio, ere, 
ripui, reptus. 

traitor, proditor, oris, m. 



EXERCISE. 

1. I shall never be sorry for my acts or 1 my intentions. 
2. The help you need is at hand. 3. I reminded you 
about the ring which you snatched from the woman. 
4. Do you not pity these men who have been convicted 
of treason? 5. I gave my brother that warning. 6. All 
whom it greatly concerned were present. 7. Why do 
you remind us of this disaster? 8. That greatly con- 
cerned you all. 9. Caesar has been accused of the 
greatest cruelty. 10. This will concern us. 11. Pau- 
sanias, king of the Lacedaemonians, was acquitted on a 
capital charge. 12. Pity the children of such a father ! 
13. Who will convict us of theft? 14. Are you not 
ashamed of having spared this traitor? 15. The man 
whose life these judges had spared was nevertheless con- 
demned to pay 2 six thousand sesterces. 16. You yourself 
will be ashamed of your cowardice. 17. No one who 
had been condemned to death escaped. 18. Does this 
man repent of his error and crime? 19. We are all 
ashamed of you. 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. By the Latin idiom, neque. 347. 2. 

2. Omit ' to pay ' in the Latin rendering. 



LESSON XV. 

THE ABLATIVE. 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. Ablative of Separation. 214 entire; A. & G. 243. a, d; 
H. 414. I, III, and IV. N. 1. 

2. Ablative of Source. 215 entire; A. & G. 244. a; H. 415. 
II, and N. 

3. Ablative of Agent. 216 entire; A. & G. 246 and b. N. 2; 
H. 415. I. i.N. 1. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. liberamur mortis metu, we are freed from fear of death. 

2. Democritus oculis se privavit, Democritus blinded himself 
lit. deprived himself of his eyes. 

3. qui omnia in pecunia pSnet, honore carebit* he who cen- 
tres everything in money will lack honor. 

4. urbs nuda praesidio, a city bare of defence. 

5. urbem a 1 tyranno liberarunt, they delivered the city fr -om 
the tyrant. 

6. Caesar proelio abstinebat, Caesar refrained from fighting. 

7. a terris caelum secrevit deus, the god separated the heaven 
from the earth. 

8. Apollo Jove natus est et Latona, Apollo was bom of 
Jupiter and Latona. 

9. equestri genere ortus est, he was bom of an equestrian 
family. 

44 



The Ablative. 45 

10. uxorem diicit, ex 2 qua natus est Themistocles, he 

married a wife, of whom was bom Themistocles. 

11. Belgae erant orti ab Germanis, the Belgians were sprung 
from the Germans. 

12. homines a spe deserti, men abandoned by hope. 

13. de Ms rebus per 3 nuntios certior factus est Caesar, 
Caesar was informed of these things by messengers. 

Notes on the Examples. 

1) Observe that Hber5 is construed with the ablative with a (ab) 
when the reference is to a person. 

2) The Ablative of Source is accompanied by the preposition ex 
when the source is indicated by a pronoun. 

3) When a person is viewed not as an independent agent, but rather 
as one through whose instrumentality something is done, this relation 
is expressed by per with the accusative. 

VOCABULARY. 



burden, onus, eris, n. 

cheat, fraudo, are, avi, atus. 

conquer, vinco, ere, vici, vic- 

tus. 
deliver, liber 6, are, avi, 

atus. 
descended from, ortus, a, um. 
disagree, dissentio, ire, sensi. 
exempt, liber, a, um. 



expose, lay bare, patefacio, ere, 

feci, factus. 
keep away, ward off(tr.), arceo, 

ere, ui. 
lack, careo, ere, ui, iturus. 
plots, msidiae, arum, f. 
relieve, levo, are, avi, atus. 
shelter, tectum, l, n., lit. roof. 
strip, exuo, ere, ui, utus. 



EXERCISE. 



i. Have you not always disagreed with those who 
defend these acts? 2. He who shall not be subdued by 
toil will not be conquered by pleasure. 3. I will relieve 
all my friends of this burden. 4. Through the instru- 



46 Latin Composition. 

mentality of the Allobroges the plots of Catiline were 
exposed by the consul. 5. This man was cheated out 
of much money by you. 6. The camp was fortified by 
the soldiers of the tenth legion. 7. They stripped one 
of the soldiers of his arms. 8. How many Greek heroes 
were descended from Jupiter ! 9. How many blessings 
there are which we lack ! 10. Were these young men 
born of you? 11. He who is exempt from toil lacks 
the fruits of toil. 12. A Roman knight was kept for 
two days from food and shelter. 13. Cicero delivered 
his fellow-citizens from Catiline and his accomplices. 

14. Horatius kept the Etruscans away from the bridge. 

15. Romulus was born of Mars and Rhea Silvia. 

The Career of Verres. 

Gaius Verres was first quaestor, then praetor urbanus. 1 
Afterwards he went as pro-praetor to Sicily, where he 
remained for nearly three years. During 2 all this time 
he was practising the most shameful crime on 3 the pro- 
vincials. No one was exempt from his avarice, his cru- 
elty, and his insults. The rich he plundered of money 
and works of art, the people he burdened with heavy 
imposts. The Sicilians, however, finally brought him to 
trial, and drove him into exile. 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. In Latin praetor urbanus. 

2. Per may be used here to emphasize the notion of duration. 

3. Use in with the ace. 






LESSON XVI. 

THE ABLATIVE {continued). 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. Ablative of Comparison. 217. 1-4, A. & G. 247. a-c\ H. 
417. 1, and N. 2. 

2. Ablative of Means. 218; A. & G. 248. c. 1; H. 420. 

3. Ablative with the Deponents, utor, fruor, etc., 218. 1; 
A. & G. 249; H. 421. 1. 

4. Ablative with opus est. 218. 2; A. & G. 243. e; H. 414. IV. 

5. Ablative with nltor, innlxus, fretus. 218. 3; A. & G. 254. 
b. 1, 2; H. 425. II. 1. 1). N. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. quid 1 est in homine ratione divinius, what is there in 
man diviner than reason ? 

2. nihil rarius perfects oratore invenitur, nothing is more 
rarely found than a finished orator. 

3. Lepidus quo multi fuerunt duces meliores, Lepidus than 
whom there were many better leaders. 

4. ego tibi magis deditus sum quam tuo fratri, I am more 
devoted to you than to your brother. 

5. plus septingenti capti sunt, more than seven hundred 
were captured. 

6. tecum plus annum vixit, he lived with you more than a 
year. 

7. latius opinione malum disseminatum est, the evil is more 
widely diffused than is thought. 

47 



48 Latin Composition. 

8. amici neque armis neque aur5 parantur, friends are 
not won by arms or by gold. 

9. ea lenitate senatus est usus, the senate exercised this 
indulgence. 

10. hac eximia fortuna fruitur, he enjoys this noteworthy 
fortune. 

1 1 . celeritate opus est, there is need of speed. 

12. homo ndn gratia nititur, the man does not depend on 
influence. 

13. fretus humanitate vestra, relying upon your kindness. 

Remarks. 

1. Cicero in his Orations (and probably also in his other works) 
confines the use of the Ablative of Comparison mainly to negative sen- 
tences and interrogative sentences implying a negative. No other 
writer, however, observes so strict a canon, and even in Cicero there is 
quite a percentage of exceptions. The ablative must be used in case of 
relative pronouns, i.e. always quo, quibus, — not quam qui. On the 
other hand, when the comparative is an attributive modifier of a noun 
in an oblique case, quam is used, and the proper form of the verb esse 
is expressed, as verba Varronis hominis doctidris quam fuit 
Claudius, the words of Varro, a more learned man than Claudius. 

2. Note that utor may take a second ablative (either noun or 
adjective) in the predicate relation, as quo duce tltemur, whom 
shall we employ as leader? eo placido uteris, you will find (lit. use) 
him tranquil. The second ablative here bears the same relation to the 
first as a predicate accusative to the direct object. 

VOCABULARY. 



baneful, deadly, capitalis, e. 
discourse, words, oratio, orris, f. 
duty, officium, 1, n. 
exile, exsilium, I, n. 
impel, impello, ere, pull, pul- 
sus. 



like, similis, e. 
month, mensis, is, m. 
need, there is need, opus est. 
nothing, nihil. 

perform, fungor, 1, functus 
sum. 



The Ablative. 



49 



produce, produco, ere, duxi, 

ductus. 
relying, fretus, a, um. 
seldom, raro. 



soon, quickly, cito. 
sweet, dulcis, e. 
use, treat, find, utor, l, usus 
sum. 



EXERCISE. 

i. Caesar often used the assistance of the Gauls. 
2. This I ask of you, relying on our friendship. 3. Noth- 
ing is dearer to men than liberty. 4. You will need 
that. 5. The Roman state produced no men more 
illustrious than Publius Africanus and Gaius Laelius. 

6. I had needed the help of the consul and the senate. 

7. Nestor's words were sweeter than honey. 8. He per- 
formed the duty of a good citizen. 9. No one regards 
Herodotus as a more important writer than Thucydides. 
10. The Romans seldom enjoyed peace. n. A part 
of the cavalry came sooner than expected. 12. He 
found you more eager than your brother. 13. They 
are impelled by love of pleasure, than which nothing is 
more baneful. 14. Will you treat the Agrigentines as 
friends, the Syracusans as enemies? 15. Cicero re- 
mained in exile more than fifteen months. 16. My 
neighbor has a better house than mine. 17. You are 
more like your brother than (like) your father. 



LESSON XVII. 

THE ABLATIVE {continued). 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. Ablative with miscere, jungere, mutare, etc. 218. 5; A. 
& G. 248. a. Rem.; H. 419. I. 1). (2). 

2. Ablative in Special Phrases. 218. 7; H. 420. 1. 1); 2). 

3. Ablative with Verbs of Filling and Adjectives of Plenty. 
218. 8; A. & G. 248. c. 2; H. 421. II. 

4. Ablative of Way by Which. 218. 9; A. & G. 258. £■; H. 
420. r. 3). 

5. Ablative of Cause. 219 entire; A. & G. 245; H. 416. 

6. Ablative of Manner. 220 entire; A. & G. 248; H. 419. 
Ill, and N. 2. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. inest in ejus oratione mixta modestia gravitas, in his 

diction there is dignity ??iingled with modesty. 

2. bellum junctum miserrima fuga, war joined with most 
wretched flight. 

3. pace bellum mutavit, he changed war for peace. 

4. hostes proelio lacessivit, he offered battle to the enemy, lit. 
provoked the ene??iy zuilh battle. 

5. Tullia carpento in forum invecta est, Tullia drove to the 
Forum in her chariot. 

6. castris se tenuit, he kept in camp. 

7. Socrates fidibus canebat, Socrates used to play on the lyre, 
lit. with the lyre. 

50 



The Ablative. 51 

8. deus bonis omnibus explevit mundum, God has filled \ the 
universe with all blessings. 

9. forum armatis militibus refertum viderat, he had seen the 
Forum filled with armed soldiers. 

10. Aurelia Via profectus est, he set out by the Aurelian 
Way. 

11. frumentum flumine Arari navibus subvexerat, he had 
brought up the grain in boats by way of the river Arar. 

12. civitas RSmana avaritia et luxuria labSrabat, the 
Roman state suffered because of avarice and self indulgence. 

13. ardet desiderid, he burns with longing. 

14. med jussu conjurati per forum ducti sunt, at my bidding 
the conspirators were led through the Forum. 

15. cum virtute, virtuously. 

16. injuria, unjustly. 

1 7. magna gravitate loquitur, he speaks with great dignity. 

18. vetere proverbio, according to the old saying. 

Remarks. 

1. With jungo, conjungo, and misceS, the construction of the 
simple ablative occurs chiefly in combination with passive participles, 
junctus, conjunctus, mixtus, etc. 

2. The Ablative of Manner is best restricted to abstract words, such 
as celeritas, dignitas, virtus, prudentia, etc. 

3. The Ablative of Accordance (see Example 18) appears also in 
such expressions as mea sententia, suis moribus, sua sponte 
etc. 

VOCABULARY. 



change (of affairs), res novae. 

fill, compleo, ere, evi, etus. 

keep in, confine, teneo, ere, 
ui. • 

join, jungo, ere, jiinxi, junc- 
tus. 



justly, jure. 

mingle, misceo, ere, miscui, 

mixtus. 
offer battle, proelio lacesso, 

ere, lacesslvi, lacessitus, 

lit. provoke by battle. 



52 



Lati?i Composition. 



opinion, sententia, ae, f. 
play, ludo, ere, lusi, lusum. 
rejoice, gaude5, ere, gavisus 

sum. 
ride, vehor, 1, vectus sum. 



sally, make a sally, erumpS, 

ere, rupl, ruptus. 
trust, confido, ere, fisus sum, 

semi-dep. 
uprightness, probitas, atis, f. 
whole, totus, a, um. 



EXERCISE. 

• i. Verres's villa is filled with the statues which he 
took from the Sicilians." 2. The soldiers came with 
great speed. 3. In this man there was the greatest 
uprightness joined with the greatest wisdom. 4. In 
my opinion he who lives uprightly will be contented 
with his lot. 5. In these men, O citizens, you see 
crime mingled with cruelty. 6. Justly do they make 
this demand of me. 7. These old men play at dice. 
8. The common people approved of Catiline's projects 
because of their desire of change. 9. Do you play the 
flute? 10. Will you not trust the wisdom of your 
friends? 11. Caesar, who had kept his soldiers in camp 
for the last five days, now offered battle to the Gauls. 
12. Cicero rejoiced because of the death of Julius 
Caesar. 13. He rode on horseback. 1 14. Those who 
set out for Capua went by the Appian Way. 15. The 
cavalry of the enemy found the ditches of the Romans 
already filled with brushwood. 16. The infantry, at 
the order of the general, made a sally by the gates. 
17. These men have filled the fairest city of the whole 
world with the slaughter of citizens. 



The Ablative. 53 

Cicero's Speeches against Verres. 

Of 2 the six speeches which are entitled Against Verres, 
Cicero delivered only one. This is called the Actio 
Prima. After this had been delivered, 3 overwhelmed by 
the evidence Cicero had collected and by the witnesses 
which he had summoned to Syracuse from all parts of 
Sicily, Verres withdrew of his own accord into exile. 

The remaining 4 five speeches Cicero wrote out and 
called Actio Secunda. 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. In Latin, ' by horse.' 

2. See Lesson XII, Example 4. 

3. Use the ablative absolute, hac habita, lit. this having been 
delivered. 

4. Use reliquus. 



LESSON XVIII. 

THE ABLATIVE {continued). 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. Ablative of Attendant Circumstance. 221. 

2. Ablative of Accompaniment. 222; A. & G. 248. a; H. 
419. I, and I. 1). 

3. Ablative of Degree of Difference. 223; A. & G. 250; H. 
423; cf B. 357. I; A. & G. 259.,^; H. 430. 

4. Ablative of Quality. 224 ; A. & G. 251 ; H. 419. II, and 2. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. tu5 pericul5 jubeo libros dari Varroni, / bid the books 
be given Varro at your risk. 

2. res prospere gestae sunt auspicio Ap. Claudi, affairs 
were successfully managed under the auspices of Appius Claudius. 

3. pace tua dixerim, with your permission I would say. 

4. cum exercitu in Galliam contendit, he hurries to Gaul 
with his army. 

5. cum duabus legidnibus sequebatur, he followed with two 
legions. 

6. magn5 exercitu profectus est, he set out with a large army. 

7. uno die longiorem mensem faciunt, they make the month 
one day longer, lit. longer by one day. 

8. paucis post diebus, a few days afterwards. 

9. post quadriduum, four days afterwards. 
10. paucos ante annos, a fezv years before. 

54 



The Ablative. 55 

ii. qu5 plures erant, ed major caedes fait, the more there 
were, the greater was the slaughter. 

12. erat flumen difficile transitu, there was a river difficult to 
cross, lit. of difficult passage. 

13. Catilina fait ingenio maid, Catiline was (« man) of a 
depraved disposition. 

14. Agesilaus fait corpore exiguo, Agesilaus was of small 
figure. 

15. milites erant bono animo, the soldiers were of good courage. 

Remarks. 

1. The Ablative of Quality primarily designates qualities which are 
more or less transitory. The observation sometimes made that the 
genitive denotes internal qualities, and the ablative external ones, is not 
sufficiently exact. In the phrase hortatur ut bono animo sint, he 
urges them to be of good courage, the quality is internal : yet the genitive 
could not here be used ; for while the quality is internal it is transitory. 
The theoretical distinction between the Genitive of Quality and the Ab- 
lative of Quality is that the genitive denotes permanent, the ablative 
transitory qualities. Yet where ambiguity would not result the ablative 
may be used to denote a permanent quality. Thus one may say vir 
summae virtutis or summa virtute, a man of the highest 
character. 

In all numerical designations of weight, dimension, etc., the genitive 
is used. 

VOCABULARY. 



begin (a thing), instituo, ere, 

ui, iitus. 
case, causa, ae, f. 
celebrate, celebro, are, avi, 

atus. 
courage, spirit, animus, 1, m. 
damage, detrimentum, 1, n. 
declare, indicd, ere, dixl, dic- 

tus. 
finish, finio, Ire, finlvl, finltus. 



funeral rites, funera, um, n. 
head, caput, itis, n. 
indulgence, venia, ae, f. 
perceive, sentio, ire, sensi, 

sensus. 
resist, resisto, ere, restiti. 
risk, periculum, T, n. 
slave, servus, 1, m. 
undertake, suscipio, ere, cepi, 

ceptus. 



56 Latin Composition. 

EXERCISE. 

i. Ten days previously he had crossed this river with 
all his troops. 2. He is a man of the greatest upright- 
ness. 3. War was then begun with great damage to 1 
those who had declared it. 2 4. Soldiers who are of good 
courage will resist the enemy. 5. You will set out with 
all your followers. 6. Have you a slave of this name? 

7. They celebrated his funeral rites with much weeping. 

8. He was a man of large head and keen eyes. 9. At 
whose risk did I undertake this case? 10. The temple 
of Aesculapius is five miles distant from the city. 
11. With your indulgence I will finish the speech that I 
began. 12. The nearer you are 3 to the enemy, the 
better you perceive their strength. 13. The embassa- 
dors of the Allobroges went upon the Mulvian bridge 
with a large retinue. 14. The life of philosophers has 
much more good than evil. 15. Caesar followed the 
Helvetii with four legions at a great interval. 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. Use the genitive, ' damage of those ' ; i.e. on the part of those. 

2. Do not express ' it ' in Latin. 

3. In the Latin this idea is expressed by means of absum, followed 
by a, with the ablative, lit. ' the nearer you are distant from the enemy.' 



LESSON XIX. 

THE ABLATIVE {continued). 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. Ablative of Price. 225 entire; A. & G. 252. a, d; H. 
422. 

2. Ablative of Specification. 226 entire; A. & G. 253; 
H. 424. 

3. Ablative Absolute. 227. 1, 2; A. & G. 255. and a, d; H. 
431. 1, 2, 4. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. haec omnia signa sestertium sex milibus vendita sunt, 

all these statues were sold for six thousand sesterces. 

2. quanti has aedes emisti ? minimo, ' at what price did you 
buy this house ? ' ' Very cheap.'' 

3. hi agri magno veneunt, these lands sell for a high price. 

4. illi agri pluris venierunt, those lands sold for more. 

5. Helvetii reliquos Gallos virtute praecedunt, the Helvetii 
surpass the other Gauls in valor. 

6. tu temporibus errasti, you made a mistake as to the time. 

7. Ennius, ingenio maximus, arte rudis, Ennius, greatest in 
genius, bid clumsy hi art. 

8. omnes exsilio aut morte dignos judicavit, he judged all 
worthy of death or exile. 

9. num. hominem majSrem natu contemnis, do you scorn an 
older man ? 

57 



58 



Latin Composition. 



10. M. Messalla M. PisSne consulibus, in the consulship of 
Marcus Messalla and Marcus Piso. 

11. me judice, in my judgment, lit. I being judge. 

12. libidine dominante nullus locus est temperantiae, if 
lust is master, there is no place for self-control. 

13. perditis omnibus rebus virtus se sustentare potest, 
though everything is lost, yet Virtue can maintain herself. 

Remarks. 

1. Observe that in Latin the Ablative Absolute largely occurs where 
in English we employ subordinate clauses. Of the various kinds of 
clauses thus occurring, temporal clauses are by far the most frequent. 



VOCABULARY. 



age, aetas, atis, f. 
character, mores, um, m. 
delight, delecto, are, avi, 

atus. 
exceed, antecello, ere, with 

dat. of person, 
kindness, benlgnitas, atis, f. 
neglect, neglego, ere, lexl, 

lectus. 



pity, misericordia, ae, f. 
prosperous, prosper, a, um. 
put to confusion, perturbo, 

are, avi, atus. 
reign, regnum, 1, n. 
religion, religio, orris, f. 
sell, vendo, ere, didi, ditus. 
severity, severitas, atis, f. 
unworthy, indignus, a, um. 



EXERCISE. 

1. Who of you is the oldest? 2. The reign of Tullus 
Hostilius was not prosperous, since religion had been 
neglected. 3. These lands were sold for sixty thousand 
sesterces. 4. You shall not lack assistance while I am 
alive. 5. Those things especially delight us which are 
bought for a lower price. 6. If the gods help 1 us and 



The Ablative. 59 

the consuls give heed, 1 we shall be free. 7. Did you 
not buy this horse at a low price ? 8. Having made an 
attack, the enemy quickly put our soldiers to confusion. 

9. I bought the horse for three thousand sesterces. 

10. Are those worthy of kindness who have shown them- 
selves unworthy of confidence? 11. My friend exceeds 
all in age, honor, and authority. 12. Who considers 
you worthy of praise? 13. They are all similar in char- 
acter. 14. He was thought worthier of pity than of 
severity. 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 
1. Use the future tense of these verbs. 



LESSON XX. 

THE ABLATIVE {continued). 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. Ablative of Place Where. 228 entire; A. '& G. 258. c 
1, 2; f. 1, 2; H. 425. I, II, and 2. 

2. The Locative Case. 232. 1, 2; 169. 4; A. & G. 258. c 2; 
d; 184. c; H. 425. II; 426; 425. II. 3. 2). N. footnote 4. 

3. Ablative of Place from Which. 229 entire; A. & G. 
258, also a and N. 1, b and N. 3; H. 412. I, II, also 1 and N. 

EXAMPLES. 

1 . in urbe, in the city. 

2. in Graecia, in Greece. 

3. Carthagine, at Carthage. 

4. Athenis, at Athens. 

5. Curibus, at Cures. 

6. Tarquiniis, at Tarquinii. 

7. his locis, in these places. 

8. t5ta prSvincia, in the whole province. 

9. ruri, in the country. 

10. terra marique, on land and sea. 

11. ~Rbm.a,e, at J?ome. 

12. Corinthi, at Corinth. 

13. Rhodi, at Rhodes. 

14. domi, at home. 

15. humi, <?/* the ground. 

16. Antiochiae, celebri quondam urbe, at Antioch, once a 
famous city. 

60 






The Ablative. 6 1 

17. Albae, in urbe opportuna, at Alba, a convenient city. 

18. ex provincia rediit, he returned from the province. 

19. ex Syria decesait, he withdrew from Syria. 

20. Athenis profectus est, he set out from Athens. 

21. domo fugientes fleeing front home. 

22. Teanum abest a Larino xviii milia passuum, Teanum is 
eighteen miles distant from Larinum. 

23. a Gergovia decessit, he withdrew from the neighborhood of 
Gergovia. 

24. Tusculo, ex clarissimd oppidd, from Tuscnlum, a most 
fatuous town. 

VOCABULARY. 



across, trans, prep, with ace. 
born, be born, nascor, 1, natus 

sum. 
distant, be distant, absum, 

esse, afuT, aiuturus. 
drive away, expello, ere, pull, 

pulsus. 
happen, flo, fieri, factus sum. 
hurry, contends, ere, 1, ten- 

tus. 
lead av/ay, dediico, ere, duxi, 

ductus. 



live, dwell, habito, are, avi, 

atus. 
pitch, pono, ere, posui, pos- 

itus. 
Sibyl, Sibylla, ae, f. 
stay, maneo, ere, mansi, 

mansurus. 
village, vicus, 1, m. 
withdraw, decedo, ere, cessi, 

cessurus. 



EXERCISE. 

1. Manlius had pitched his camp in Etruria. 2. He 
will return to Rome from the country. 3. There were 
famous cities in Asia. 4. Fabius led his troops away 
from the neighborhood of Tarentum. 5. The Ger- 
mans live in villages. 6. Jugurtha withdrew from Italy. 
7. He died at Corinth, a city of Achaea. 8. Athens is 



62 Latin Composition. 

sixty miles distant from Corinth. 9. Apollo and Diana 
were born at Delos. 10. The father drove his son 
from home. 11. He staid three days at Bibracte. 
12. He led his soldiers from Gaul across the Rhine into 
Germany. 13. These things happened at Corioli. 
14. Caesar hurried from Aquileia, a town of the Veneti, 
into Gaul. 15. The Sibyl lived at Cumae. 16. Horace 
had a villa at Tibur. 17. This king died at Gades. 
18. Two consuls perished at Mutina. 

Catiline. 

Lucius Sergius Catiline w r as descended from an old 
patrician family. His early youth 1 and young manhood 2 
were stained with every vice and crime. He not only 
killed his brother-in-law, 3 Quintus Caecilius, but, as the 
story went, 4 had murdered his own wife and son. Never- 
theless in the consulship of Lucius Metellus and 5 Quintus 
Marcius he was chosen praetor, and two years after- 
wards returned to Rome from Africa and sought the 
consulship. 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. early youth : adulescentia, ae, f. 

2. young manhood : juventus, litis, f. 

3. brother-in-law : frater uxoris. 

4. as the story went ; ut fama tenebat, lit. as report obtained. 

5. et is omitted with the names of consuls when the praenomen 
{e.g. Lucius, Quintus) is expressed. 



v- 



LESSON XXI. 

ABLATIVE {continued). 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. Ablative of Time at Which. 230. 1-3; A. & G. 256 and 
i; H. 429. 

2. Ablative of Time within Which. 231; A. & G. 256. 1 
and a', 259. a; H. 429. I and footnote 1. 

3. Roman Dates. 371, 372; A. & G. 376; H. 641-644. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. Castoris aedes eodem anno Idibus Qnintilibus dedicata 
est, the temple of Castor was dedicated in the same year, on the Ides 
of July. 

2. v5ta erat Latino bellS, it had been vowed in the Latin War. 

3. has 5rationes Lfidis scrips!, / wrote these speeches at the 
time of the Games. 

4. eorum adventu equos Germanis distribuit, at their arrival 
he distributed horses among the Germans. 

5.* in bellS, in ti?7ie of war. 

6. primo bell5 Pxinico, in the First Punic War. 

7. tribns hdris Romam venietis, within three hours you will 
come to Rome. 

8. paucis diebns revertar, I shall return within a few days. 

9. in sex mensibus prSmissa sunt ducenta talenta, in six 
months two hundred talents were promised. 

10. bis in die, twice a day. 

63 



64 Latin Composition. 

11. quadridu5 mors Rosci Chrysogono nuntiatur, zvithin 
four days Roscius's death was reported to Chrysogonus. 

12. ante diem octavum Idus Novembres, on the 6th of 
November, lit. on the eighth day before the Ides (strictly the seventh 
day before the Ides, which were the 13th). 

Remarks. 

1. Observe that words not primarily denoting a period of time, as 
pax, peace, bellum, war, commonly require the preposition in to 
denote time at which, unless they are accompanied by a modifier 
(adjective, demonstrative, or genitive). Thus in bell5, in war, but 
primo bello Punico, in the First Punic War. 

2. In bello, in war, is to be distinguished in meaning and use from 
belli. The former phrase is essentially temporal in meaning, — m time 
of war, while belli is rather local, and means in the field ; it occurs 
almost exclusively in combination with domi, at hotne, as domi bel- 
lique, at home and in the field. 

3. To denote time within which, in the course of which, the prepo- 
sition in is almost invariably employed when the clause contains a 
distributive numeral (bis, bini ; ter, terni) or saepe. 

4. Bidu5, triduS, quadriduS, and biennio, triennio, quadri- 
ennio, are regularly used instead of duobus diebus, duobus annis, 
etc. Compare Lesson VII, Remark 4. 

VOCABULARY. 



choose, elect, creo, are, avi, 

atus. 
close, claudo, ere, clausi, 

clausus. 
former, superior, us. 
fortification, munitio, onis, f. 
fruit, fructus, us, m. 
Kalends, Kalendae, arum, f. 
last, proximus, a, um. 
life, vita, ae, f. 



March, of March, Martius, a, 

um. 
night, nox, noctis, f. 
only, tantum. 
reap, percipio, ere, cepi, cep- 

tus. 
three times, thrice, ter. 
time, tempus, oris, n. 
twice, bis. 
watch, vigilia, ae, f. 



The Ablative. 65 

EXERCISE. 

1. Alexander was born on this night. 2. He died last 
month in Africa. 3. He set out from camp in the third 
watch. 4. In the Second Punic War Scipio conquered 
Hannibal near Carthage. 5. Within three days these 
envoys will come to Caesar in Gaul. 6. In the course 
of so many years the temple of Janus was closed only 
three times. 7. In his seventieth year Ennius made 
this boast. 1 8. Twice a month he used to 2 send letters 
to Rome. 9. I received your letter on the Kalends of 
March. 10. At this election Cicero and Antonius were 
chosen consuls. 11. Within a few months we shall set 
forth from this city and go to Athens. 12. Men are 
happier in peace than in war. 13. In old age we reap 
the fruits of our former life. 14. At that time the city 
lacked fortifications. 15. Augustus died on the 19th of 
August. 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. In Latin, ' boasted this.' See Lesson V, Example 7. 

2. Use the imperfect tense. 

F 



LESSON XXII. 

SYNTAX OF ADJECTIVES. 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. Adjectives used Substantively. 236-238; A. & G. 188 
and a, b; 189. a, b; H. 441. I, 2. 

2. Adjectives with the Force of Adverbs. 239; A. & G. 
191 ; H. 443 and N. 1. 

3. Special Uses of the Comparative and Superlative. 240. 

1-4; A. & G. 93. a, b; 192; H. 444, I, 2, 3. 

4. Adjectives denoting a Special Part of an Object. 241. 
1 ; A. & G. 193 ; H. 440. N. 1, 2. 

5. Primus = first who ; ultimus = last who ; etc. 241. 2; A. 
& G. 191; H. 442. N. 

EXAMPLES. 

1 . secedant improbi, secernant se a bonis, let the bad with- 
draw, let them separate themselves from the good. 

2. omnes stulti, all the foolish. 

3. omnia, all things . x 

4. Caesar su5s castris tenuit, Caesar kept his men in camp. 

5. homo doctus, a scholar. 

6. honestum, virtue. 

7. aliquid novi, something new," some news. 

8. laeti decedunt, they gladly withdraw. 

9. sublimis raptus est, he was snatched up on high. 

10. Vespasianus pecuniae avidior fuit, Vespasian was too 
eager for money. 

66 



Syntax of Adjectives. 6? 

11. ejus auctoritas vel maxima erat, his authority was the 
very greatest. 

12. contio fait verior quam gratior, the speech was more true 
than it zuas acceptable. 

13. extrema hieme, in the latter part of winter. 

14. sum m us mons, the top of the mountain. 

15. Cicero primus philosophiam e Graecia in Latium tra- 
duxit, Cicero was the first to transplant philosophy from Greece to 
Latium. 

16. hanc urbem primam adii, this zuas the first city that I 
visited. 

Notes on the Examples. 

1) In other cases than the nominative and accusative this idea is best 
expressed by means of res, e.g. omnium rerum, of all things ; om- 
nibus rebus, by all things. Omnium, omnibus, parvorum, 
parvis, and similar forms would be ambiguous in gender. 

2) Lit. something of new, — Genitive of the Whole. 



VOCABULARY. 



arrogant, Tnsolens, entis. 
assemble (intr.), convenio, 

ire, veni, ventum. 
bring, affero, ferre, attull, 

allatus. 
carry, port5, are avi, atus. 
confident, confidens, entis. 
keen, acer, acris, acre. 
march out, egredior, 1, gressus 

sum. 



(numbers), in great numbers, fre- 

quens, entis. 
poor, pauper, eris. 
province, provincia, ae, f. 
surrender, trado, ere, didi, 

ditus. 
take possession, possido, ere, 

sedi, sessus. 
unwilling, invitus, a, um. 



EXERCISE. 

1. The rich often forget the poor. 2. At the end of 
winter Caesar led his troops out of winter quarters. 



68 Latin Composition. 

3. The Gauls unwillingly surrendered themselves to the 
Roman commander. 4. This woman was the last person 
I saw. 5. The troops had become rather arrogant on 
account of their victory. 6. He who pursues wealth 
and pleasure pursues trifles. 7. This orator is more 
eloquent than keen. 8. The people assembled in great 
numbers in the midst of the Forum. 9. Duilius was the 
first to conquer the Carthaginians in a naval battle. 
10. All who were present thought the orator rather 
haughty. 1 1 . The soldiers took possession of all things 
which they found in this province. 12. Our men 
marched out from camp and carried with them all their 
belongings. 1 13. What news have these messengers 
brought from Gaul? 14. Roman soldiers often went 
eagerly into the very greatest dangers. 

Catiline {continued). 

Disappointed in this hope, 2 he formed a conspiracy of 
all the most abandoned men whom he found at Rome. 
Of these some were veterans of Sulla, who had squan- 
dered the money received for military service ; others 
were young nobles 3 who had lost their fortunes, and were 
eager for a revolution. Relying on the help of these, he 
sought the consulship a second time. Cicero and Anto- 
nius, however, were chosen in his stead. 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. In Latin all their (things) , neuter plural of suus. 

2. Hac spe dejectus, lit. driven away front this hope. 

3. young nobles : juvenes nobiles. 



LESSON XXIII. 

PRONOUNS. 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. Personal Pronouns. 242. 1, 2, 4; A. & G. 194. a, b; H. 
446 and N. 3. 

2. Reflexive Pronouns. 244, entire; A. & G. 196. a-c; e,g,h; 
H. 449. 1, 2, 5. 

3. Reciprocal Pronouns. 245; A. & G. 196. /; H. 448. N. 

4. Hlc, Me, Iste. 246. 1-5; A. & G. 102. a-c; 195. d; H. 
450. 1-4. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. quis vestrum, who of you? 

2. dux memor vestri, a leader mindful of you. 

3. fortuna omnium nostrum, the fortunes of us all. 

4. se diligit, he loves himself. 

5. Alexander Clitum familiarem suum interemit, Alexander 
killed Clitus, his own comrade. 

6. Metellus legatis persuadet ut Jugurtham sibi 1 trade- 
rent, Metellus persuaded the envoys to hand over Jugurtha to 
him. 

7. me misit ut haec nuntiem suae l uxori, he has sent me to 
announce these things to his wife. 

8. suum cuique tribuendum est, to each must be assigned his 
own. 

9. nos nostraque defendimus, we defend ourselves and our 
possessions. 

69 



70 



Latin Composition. 



10. inter n5s colloquimur, we converse with each other. 
ii. pueri amant inter se, the boys love each other. 

12. contrSversias inter se milites habuerunt, the soldiers had 
disputes with each other. 

13. hoc in tua, illud in deorum manu est, the latter is in your 
power, the former hi that of the gods. 

14. Themistocles his verbis epistulam misit, Themistocles 
sent a letter (couched} in the following words. 

15. haec 2 mea culpa est, this is my fault. 

Notes on the Examples. 

1) Sibi and suae illustrate the use of the indirect reflexive. 

2) Haec is here attracted from hdc to the gender of the predicate 
noun ; such attraction of the pronoun is the rule in Latin. 

Remarks. 

1. Sui is regularly employed like mei and tui as an Objective 
Genitive. To indicate the whole of which a part is taken the Latin may 
use either ex se or suorum, e.g. multSs ex se or multos suorum 
mlserunt, they sent many of their owmmumber. 

2. Observe that in such expressions as inter se amant, they love 
each other, no direct object is expressed. 

VOCABULARY. 



congratulate, gratulor, ari, 

atus sum, with dat. 
distribute, distribuo, ere, ui, 

utus. 
either, either one (of two), uter- 

vis, utravis, utrumvis. 
honor, honoro, are, avi, 

atus. 



impious, impius, a, urn. 

listen to, audio, ire, Ivi, ltus, 

with ace. 
love, amo, are, avi, atus. 
mention, make mention, mem- 

ini, meminisse, with gen. 

of person, 
piety, pietas, atis, f. 






safety, salus, utis, f. 
strength, vires, ium, f. 
welcome, gratus, a, um. 



Pronouns. yi 

words, utterances, dicta, orum, 

n. 
worship, veneror, ari, atus 

sum. 

EXERCISE. 

i. He is loved and honored by his own friends. 
2. Do you regard this as pleasure? 3. Your longing 
for us is very welcome to my brother and me. 4. That 
is a life full of joy and gladness. 5. I have less strength 
than either one of you. 6. Listen, my friends, to the 
following words of Plato the philosopher. 7. Who of us 
has seen your brother? 8. You have made mention of 
Pompey and Cicero, the former a famous general, the 
latter an orator worthy of the highest praise. 9. Is 
not the safety of you all dearer to me than my life? 
10. This is piety, to worship the gods and respect one's 
parents, n. Have you been mindful of me ? 12. No. 
I have forgotten you. 13. The Romans lost forty of 
their own number. 14. They distributed the provinces 
among themselves. 15. Why have you not freed your- 
selves of this tyrant? 16. These impious men were 
congratulating each other. 17. They indulge them- 
selves and all their desires. 



LESSON XXIV. 

PRONOUNS {continued). 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. Is. 247. 1-4; A. & G. 102. d; H. 451. 1, 2, 4. 

2. Idem. 248. 1, 2; A. & G. 195. e; 234. a. N. 2; H. 451. 

3,5- 

3. Ipse. 249. 1, 2; A. & G. 195. /and Rem., /; H. 452. I, 2. 

4. Quis (Indefinite). 252. i; A. & G. 202.0; H. 455. 1. 

5. Aliquis. 252. 2; A. & G. 202. b; H. 455. 

6. Quldam. 252. 3 and a; A. & G. 202. a; H. 456 and 2. 

EXAMPLES. 

1 . in eis urbibus quae ad se 1 def ecerant praesidia imponit, 

he puts garrisons in those cities which had deserted to him. 

2. Metellus is qui multos deterruit, Metellus, he who de- 
terred many. 

3. moram sperarunt, id quod asseciiti sunt, they hoped for 
delay, a thing which they attained. 

4. num earn vidisti, you didn't see her, did you ? 

5. nullae me fabulae delectant nisi Plauti, no plays delight 
me except those of Plautus. 

6. exempla quaerimus et ea recentia, we are seeking prece- 
dents and that too recent ones. 

7. nihil est liberale quod non idem justum, nothing is noble 
which is not likewise just. 

8. ego idem sentio quod 2 tu, / think the same as you. 

72 






Pronouns. 



n 



g. ipsa spes eos sustentabat, hope alone supported them. 

10. a multis ipsa virtus contemnitur, by many even virtue is 
scorned. 

ii. ipsae defluebant coronae, the garlands fell down of their 
own accord. 

12. se ipse continere non potest, he cannot contain himself. 

13. si quid in te peccavl, ignosce, if I have done you any in- 
jury, forgive me. 

14. mulier quaedam, a certain woman. 

15. timiditate quadam, zvith a sort of shrinking. 

16. aliquid divinum, something divine. 

1 7. aliquis dicet, someone will say. 

Notes on the Examples. 

1) Se illustrates the indirect reflexive. 

2) The English ' same as ' is regularly expressed in Latin by idem 
qui, less frequently by Idem ac (atque). 

VOCABULARY. 



admire, admiror, ari, atus 

sum. 
borders, fines, ium, m. 
deliver (a speech), habeo, ere, 

ul, itus. 
depend, nitor, 1, nisus or 

nixus sum. 
dictator, dictator, oris, m. 
elevated, excelsus, a, um. 
embezzlement, peciilatus, us, 

m. envy, invideo, ere, 



vidi, visus, construed with 

dat. 
hope for, spero, are, avi, 

atus, with ace. 
immortality, immortalitas, 

atis, f. 
lofty, altus, a, um. 
praiseworthy, laudabilis, e. 
proscribe, proscribo, ere, 

scrips!, scriptus. 
weak, debilis, e. 
witness, testis, is, c. 



EXERCISE. 
1. The Roman soldiers depended merely 1 upon their 
valor. 2. There dwells in us a certain longing for 



74 Latin Composition. 

immortality. 3. The dictator gave to his friends the 
goods of those whom he had proscribed. 4. Virtue has 
in itself something lofty and elevated. 5. Do you not 
admire their 2 bravery? 6. Is anything more praise- 
worthy than steadfastness? 7. Why do you envy them? 
8. Do you praise your own selves? 9. I saw Verres, the 
one who plundered the citizens of their property and the 
temples of their statues. 10. This is beneficence, which 
we likewise call kindness. 11. He was convicted of 
embezzlement, a thing which all the provincials hoped 
for. 12. These witnesses have come of their own 
accord from all parts of Sicily, 13. We set out from 
the borders of Gaul with one legion and that too a weak 
one. 14. On that very day he was accused of treason 
by the men whose friendship he enjoyed. 15. Have 
you ever heard of more famous deeds than those of 
Alexander? 16. He has delivered a speech in almost 
the same words as I used myself. 

Catiline {continued) . 

These events 3 (only) made Catiline the more eager. 
He enlisted new adherents 4 and made levies in all parts 
of Italy. But 5 through Fulvia, the friend of Curius, 
Cicero learned everything 6 that the conspirators did, and 
successfully thwarted all Catiline's plots. Finally he as- 
sembled the Senate in the temple of Jupiter Stator on 
the 8th of November, and openly accused Catiline of 
treason. On that very night the latter withdrew from 
the city. 






Pronouns. ■ 75 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. In Latin, ' on valor itself.' 

2. their : can suus be used here ? 

3. these events : haec, lit. these {things) . 

4. enlisted new adherents : plures ad se adjunxit, lit. joined more 
{men) to himself. 

5. autem, which usually stands second in its clause, regularly fol- 
lows a prepositional phrase. 

6. omnia. 



LESSON XXV. 

PRONOUNS {continued). 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. Quisquam. 252. 4; A. & G. 202. b; H. 457. 

2. Quisque. 252. 5; A. & G. 202. d, e; H. 458. 

3. Nemo. 252. 6; A. & G. 202./ 

4. Alius, Alter. 253. 1-3; A. & G. 203 and c; H. 459 and 1, 

5. Ceterl. 253. 4; A. & G. 203 a. 

6. Reliqul. 253. 5; A. & G. 203. a. 

7. Nescio quis. 253. 6; A. & G. 202. a; H. 455. 2. 

8. Uterque. 355. 2; A. & G. 202. d; H. 459. 4. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. non eguit consilid cujusquam, he did not need the advice of 
anyone. 

2. neque quicquam est optatius, nor is anything more de- 
sirable. 

3. si quidquam fieri potest, if anything can be done. 

4. pecunia semper a clarissimo quoque contempta est, 
money has ever been despised by all the most distinguished men, lit. 
by each most distinguished man. 

5. tertio quoque verbS, at every other zvord. 

6. nemo bonus, no good man. 

7. neminem probat, he approves no one. 

8. tribunum alii gladiis adoriuntur, alii fustibus, some at- 
tack the tribune with swords, others zvith clubs. 

76 



Pronouns. 



77 



9. alter absolutus est, alter se ipse condemnavit, the one 
was acquitted, the other condemned himself. 

10. alius in alia re est magis utilis, one person is more useful 
hi one thing, another in another. 

if. ceteri Siculi ult5rem suarum injuriarum invenerunt, the 
rest of the Sicilians found an avenger of their wrongs. 

12. fecerunt idem reliqul, the rest did the same. 

13. reliqua attendite, listen to the remainder. 

14. nescio quo pacto, somehow or other. 

15. excogitavit nescio quid, he thought out something or other. 

16. apud poetam nescio quern, in some poet or other. 

17. utraque castra bene munita sunt, both camps were well 
fortified. 

18. uterque hSrum, each of these. 

— Remarks. 

1. Aliquis, as well as quisquam, is used in negative sentences, 
though much less frequently, and with its regular force of some one. 
Thus non egret c5nsili5 alicujus means : he does not need the 
advice of so?7te o?ie, i.e. some individual. This sentence is the negation' 
of eg"et C5nsili5 alicujus, he needs the advice of some individual. 
Non egret cdnsilid eujusquam, on the other hand, constitutes a 
more general denial, — he does not need the advice of anybody (at all), 

VOCABULARY. 



bestow, tribuo, ere, ui, utus. 
Ceres, Ceres, eris, f. 
completely, plane. 
deeply, penitus. 
faith, fides, ei, f. 
imbue, imbuo, ere, bui, utus. 
jump down, desilio, ire, silui. 
no (with adjectives used substan- 
tively), nemo, defective. 



pass, angustiae, arum, f. 
private, privatus, a, urn, 
satisfy, satis facio, ere, fed? 

factus, with dat. 
seize, take possession of, OC- 

cupo, are, avi, atus. 
trouble, harass, vexo, are, avi, 

atus. 
vessel, navis, is, f., abl. navi. 



?8 Latin Composition. 

EXERCISE. 

i. Some blamed Caesar's acts, others praised them. 
2. He will place a guard over each of you. 3. Nor 
has any one been found more friendly to you than I. 
4. Both passes had been seized by his troops. 5. 1 If 
praise was ever justly bestowed on anyone it was upon 
Fabius. 6. Somehow or other we never find anything 
that completely satisfies us. 7. He will not say anything, 
will he? 8. The orator who used these words was 
defending some case or other. 9. If anything has been 
said by any one of you, you will regret it. 10. Six have 
already been convicted of theft ; the remaining three 
we will now accuse. 11. All the best men are deeply 
imbued with faith in immortality. 12. From Syracuse 
and the other cities of Sicily came those who had been 
plundered by Verres. 13. Each 2 one is troubled by his 
own wickedness. 14. The soldiers jumped down into 
the water, some from one vessel, others from another. 
15. No good man will ever defend you. 16. Some 
were shouting one thing, others another. 17. In one 
place he saw our men surrounded by the enemy, in an- 
other already put to flight. 18. The one statue he 
took from the temple of Ceres, the other from a private 
house. 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. In Latin, 'praise was justly bestowed on Fabius, if ever upon 
anybody.' 

2. In this idiom the proper form of suus regularly stands immedi- 
ately before that of quisque. 



LESSON XXVI. 

TENSES OF THE INDICATIVE. 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. The Present. 259. 1-4; A. & G. 276. a, b, d; H. 466; 
467. I-III and 2. 6. 

2. The Imperfect. 260. 1-4; A. & G. 277 and a-c; H. 468; 
469. I, II, and 1. 2. 

3. The Future. 261. 1, 2; A. & G. 278 and b; H. 470 and 2. 

4. The Perfect. 262. A and B; A. & G. 279 and e; H. 471. 
I, II. 

5. The Pluperfect. 263; A. & G. 280; H. 472. 

6. The Future Perfect. 264 and a; A. & G. 281; H. 473 
and 2. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. dum vitant vitia, in contraria currunt, while they try to 
avoid {some) faults, they rush into opposite ones. 

2. te jam diidum. hortor, I have long been urging you. 

3. Saturnalibus miinera dividebat, at the Saturnalia he used 
to distribute presents. 

4. multitudo terrebat eum clamore, the crowd tried to frighten 
him by shouting. 

5. jam diidum flebam, I had already long been zveeping. 

6. legatos interrogabat, he kept asking the envoys. 

7. Graeci hanc urbem turn tenebant, the Greeks were at that 
time holding this city. 

79 



8o 



Latin Composition. 



8. multas C. Caesaris virtutes cognovi, / am acquainted 
with many virtues of Gaius Caesar. 

9. quern ad modum cSnsueverunt, as they are accustomed. 
10. scrlbam epistulam, cum redieris, / will write the letter 

when you have returned. 



VOCABULARY. 



acquainted, be acquainted with, 

cognovi (cognosco, ere, 

novi, cognitus). 
crush, opprimo, ere, pressi, 

pressus. 
declare, declaro, are, avi, 

atus. 
demand, postulo, are, avi, 

atus. 



individually, viritim, lit. man 

by man. 
overthrow, everto, ere, verti, 

versus. 
public, publicus, a, um. 
second time, iterum. 
shepherd, pastor, oris, m. 
weapons, arma, orum, n. 
write, scribo, ere, scripsl, 

scriptus. 



EXERCISE. 

1. Cato the Elder kept declaring, " Carthage must be 
destroyed." 2. Somehow or other men of that sort 
had long been envied by their fellow citizens. 3. He 
will be writing me a letter when you come to Rome. 
4. These two shepherds tried to kill the king with the 
weapons which they customarily used. 5. Why did 
you not keep performing this ,diity? 6. He had long 
been resisting those who were trying to overthrow the 
laws. 7. Cato is the worthiest of praise of all those 
with whom I am acquainted. 8. Fabius when consul 1 
the second time resisted Gaius Flaminius, tribune of the 
plebs, who was trying to distribute the public lands 



Tenses of the Indicative. 8 1 

among individual 2 citizens. 9. In the Senate the consul 
used to ask each senator his opinion. 10. This wicked 
man must be crushed, a thing which the Roman people 
have long been demanding of you. 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. In Latin, ' Fabius, consul the second time.' 

2. In Latin, ' among the citizens individually.' 

G 



LESSON XXVII. 

HORTATORY, JUSSIVE, PROHIBITIVE, DELIBERATIVE, AND 
CONCESSIVE SUBJUNCTIVE. 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. Hortatory Subjunctive. 274; A. & G. 266; H. 484. II. 

2. Jussive Subjunctive. 275; A. & G. 266; H. 484. IV. 

3. Prohibitions. 276 and c; A. & G. 269. a. 2, 3; H. 489. 
1, 2. 

4. Deliberative Subjunctive. 277 and a; A. & G. 268; H. 
484. V. 

5. Concessive Subjunctive. 278; A. & G. 266. c; H. 484. 
III. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. fastidium arrogantiamque fugiamus, let us avoid pride 
and arrogance. 

2. ne dimcilia optemus, let us not wish for what is difficult. 

3. suum quisque noscat ingenium, let each one learn his own 
natural ability. 

4. ceteros pudeat, let the others be ashamed. 

5. ne attingant rem publicam, let them not touch the state ! 

6. noli haec putare, dc not think this ! 

7. nolite, judices, hunc hominem condemnare, do not con- 
demn this man, judges. 

8. quid faciam, what am I to do ! 

9. quid facerem, zvhat was I to do ! 

82 



Subjunctive in Principal Clauses. 



83 



10. C Coriielium n5n defenderem, was I not to defend Gains 
Cornelius ? 

11. me autem quid pudeat, but why should I be ashamed ! 

12. sit h5c verum, granted that this is true. 

13. ne sit summum malum dolor, malum certe est, granting 
that pain is not the greatest evil, at any rate it is an evil. 

Remarks. 

1. Observe that ne with the 2d singular present or perfect subjunc- 
tive is an unusual form of expressing a prohibition in prose, and one 
not to be imitated in the writing of Latin. See 276. a, b. 

2. Cave, cave ne, with the subjunctive are likewise infrequent in 
standard prose. Fac ne is colloquial only. 



VOCABULARY. 



at least, cert§. 

blessing, commodum, 1, n. 

confidence, fides, ei, f. 

consult for, consulo, ere, ui, 

sultus, with dat. 
deprive, privo, are, avi, atus. 
despise, contemno, ere, 

tempsi, temptus. 
guilty, nocens, entis. 



injurious, be injurious, noceo, 

ere, ui, iturus. 
know, scio, ire, Ivi, ltus. 
old, vetus, eris. 
prize, praemium, 1, n. 
recent, recens, ntis. 
right, rectus, a, um. 
secure, paro, are, avi, atus. 
win, earn, mereo, ere, ui, ltus. 



EXERCISE. 

1. Do not, O soldiers, do those things which are inju- 
rious both to yourselves and to your country. 2. Why 
should I honor those who neglect what is right and hon- 
orable ! 3. Let us love our country, obey the Senate, 
and consult for all good citizens. 4. Granted that these 



84 Latin Composition. 

men are not guilty, they have at least done much damage 
to the state. 5. Let us, who secure all our blessings by 
the laws, not despise the laws. 6. How were we to 
know that ! 7. Let those who think their own advan- 
tage of more importance than that of their country with- 
draw from the city. 8. Was I to value this old friend 
less highly than you? 9. Let him not think us unworthy 
of confidence. 10. Why should you favor this enemy 
of the state? 11. Do not deprive the soldiers of the 
prizes which they have won by their recent victories. 
12. Am I not to defend this man ! 13. Let us remem- 
ber the brave deeds of our ancestors ! 

The Second and Third Orations against Catiline. 

Cicero's second oration against Catiline was delivered 
before the people in the Forum. In this the consul 
congratulated the citizens on 1 Catiline's departure, and 
promised his own watchfulness and care for the future. 2 
The Senate then declared Catiline and Manlius enemies 
of the state. A little after, 3 through the medium of 
the Allobroges, Cicero discovered evidence against those 
accomplices of Catiline who were still in the city. This 
he set forth in his third speech, which was likewise 4 
delivered before the people. 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. de with the abl. 

2. for the future : in posterum. 

3. a little after : in Latin, after, by a little. 

4. See Lesson XXIV., Example 7. 



LESSON XXVIII. 

THE OPTATIVE AND POTENTIAL SUBJUNCTIVE. .THE 
IMPERATIVE. 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. The Optative Subjunctive. 279. 1, 2; A. & G. 267; H. 
483. I and 2, 3. 

2. The Potential Subjunctive. 280. 1, 2, 3; A. & G. 311. 
a, b; H. 485 and N. I. 

3. The Imperative. 281 and 1; A. & G. 269 and d; H. 487 
and 2. 1). 

EXAMPLES. 

1 . quod dii omen avertant, may the gods avert this omen ! 

2. utinam res publica stetisset, would that the republic had 
stood ! 

3. utinam, Quirites, virorum fortium copiam tantam hab- 
eretis, would, Romans, that you had so great an abundance of 
brave men ! 

4. quaerat quispiam, some one may ask. 

5. dixerit aliquis, some one may say. 

6. vix verisimile videatur, it would hardly seem likely. 

7. Ciceronem cuicumque Graecorum fortiter opposuerim, 
/ should boldly match Cicero with any one of the Greeks. 

8. b_5c sine ulla dubitatione c5nfirmaverim, this I should 
affirm without any hesitation. 

9. videres, one could see, you could have seen. 
10, in exsilium proficiscere, go forth into exile. 

85 



86 Latin Composition. 

1 1 . rem vobis prSponam : vos earn penditdte, / will lay the 
matter before you : do you consider it. 

12. c5nsules summum jus habento, let the consuls have su- 
preme power. 

VOCABULARY. 



answer, make answer, respon- 
ded, ere, ondi, onsus. 

attain, assequor, 1, secutus 
sum. 

custom, mos, moris, m. 

easily, facile. 

fall into, incido, ere, incidi, 
followed by in with ace. 

heap upon, cumulo, are, avi, 
atus ; followed by in with ace. 

inherit, receive, accipio, ere, 
cepi, ceptus. 



linger, moror, ari, atus sum. 

piously, pie. 

preferable, potior, us. 

restrain, arceo, ere, ui ; fol- 
lowed by ab with abl. of 
moral qualities. 

retain, retineo, ere, ui, reten- 
tus. 

sad, maestus, a, um. 

slavery, servitus, utis, f. 

vice, vitium, I, n. 



EXERCISE. 

i. I should think slavery preferable to 1 such a life. 

2. No one would easily restrain the wicked from vice. 

3. Would that we had not lingered more than three days 
in the neighborhood of Athens. 4. " If these things are 
so 2 " said 3 Cyrus, " worship me with divine honors, but 
if 4 my soul shall perish with my body, yet piously retain 
remembrance of me." 5. Would that we retained the 
excellent customs and strict discipline which we inherited 
from our ancestors. 6. Make answer to all those things 
which I shall ask you concerning this man. 7. May he 
return safe and sound from Geneva to Rome. 8. Sadly 
(one could have thought them vanquished) they returned 



Optative and Potential Subjunctive. 87 

to camp. 9. May they not forget the kindnesses which 
we heaped upon them. 10. You would never attain 
what is right 5 as easily as you would fall into what is 
bad. 5 11. No honest man would regard these soldiers 
as worthy of praise and honor. 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

x. Potior, preferable, is followed by the Ablative of Comparison. 

2. so : it a. 

3. See General Vocabulary, under ' say.' 

4. but if; sin. 

5. what is right, what is bad : express by the neuter plural of the 
adjective used substantively. 



LESSON XXIX. 

PURPOSE CLAUSES. 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. Purpose Clauses with ut, ne, quo. 282. 1. a-e; A. & G. 
317. 1 and b; H. 497. II and 2. 

2. Relative Clauses of Purpose. 282. 2; A. & G. 317. 2; 
H. 497. 1. 

3. Relative Clauses with dlgnus, indlgnus, idoneus. 282. 
3; A. & G. 320./; H. 503. II. 2. 

4. Sequence of Tenses. 267. 1-3; 268. 1, 3; A. & G. 285. 
I, 2, 286, 287. a, e; H. 491-493, 495- L n - 

- EXAMPLES. 

1. Lentulus in ea loca missus est, ut privatos agrSs coeme- 

ret, Lentulus was sent to those places to purchase private lands. 

2. pecuniam dedit ne condemnaretur, he gave money that he 
might not be condemned. 

3. portas clausit ne quam oppidani injuriam acciperent, he 
closed the gates, that the toivnspeople might not receive any .injury. 

4. Pompejus portas obstruit, quo facilius impetum tarda- 
ret, 1 Pompey blocks the gates that he might the more easily impede 
the attack of Caesar. 

5. ut non ejectus ad alienos sed invitatus ad tuos videaris, 
that you may seem not driven out among strangers but invited to 
your own friends. 

6. profugit, ne caperetur neve interficeretur, he fled that he 
might not be captured or killed. 



Purpose Clauses. 89 

7. creant decern praetSres qui exercitul praeessent, 1 they 
appoint ten generals to command the army. 

8. digni sunt qui cfvitate ddnentur, they are worthy to be pre- 
sented with citizenship. 

9. veni ut te certiorem facerem, 2 I have come to infor?)i you. 

Notes on the Examples. 

1) Note the secondary sequence after the historical present. 

2) Note the secondary sequence after the present perfect. 

Remarks. 

1. Note that the Latin uses ne quis, in order that no one ; ne quid, 
in order that nothing; ne villus, ne qui, in order that no ; similarly, 
ne tlsquam, ne quando, ne unquam. 

2. Observe the occasional use of purpose clauses, as in English, to 
denote the purpose with which a statement is made, as, — ne timeas, 
incolumis est, that you may have 710 fears, {I will say) he is safe. 

VOCABULARY. 



appoint, constituo, ere, ui, 

tltus. 
assign, attribuo, ere, ui, utus. 
call together, convoco, are, 

avi, atus. 
complete, perficio, ere, feci, 

fectus. 
conduct, gero, ere, gessi, ges- 

tus. 
entire, totus, a, um. 



fear, metuo, ere, ui. 
fit, idoneus, a, um. 
guard, custos, odis, m. 
pledge, fides, el, f. 
protect, tueor, eri. 
rhetorician, rhetor, oris, m. 
say, speak, dico, ere, dixi, 

dictus. 
uprightly, honeste, 



EXERCISE. 

1. That the citizens may not fear, I have appointed 
guards to protect their lives and fortunes. 2. Labienus 



go Latin Composition. 

was a fit man for Caesar to place in charge of the winter 
quarters. 3. We obey the laws to enjoy freedom. 
4. I had these things to say concerning the customs of 
the Gauls and Germans. 5. Caesar left Crassus as his 
lieutenant to complete these things. 6. The speeches 
of Cicero are worthy of being read by you. 7. A cer- 
tain rhetorician used to write orations for others to speak. 
8. Not to say more about this man, he was convicted of 
treason. 9. Regulus returned to Carthage to keep the 
pledge he had given to the enemy. 10. I have always 
conducted myself uprightly, that you might not judge me 
unworthy of confidence or deprive me of your friendship. 

11. In order that my words might have more weight, 
I have assigned the entire discourse to Cato the Elder. 

12. I shall call my friends together that my enemies may 
not do me any harm. 



LESSON XXX. 

CLAUSES OF CHARACTERISTIC. CLAUSES OF RESULT. 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. Simple Clauses of Characteristic. 2%t,. i, 2; A. & G. 
320 and a, b; H. 503. I, II. 1. 

2. Clauses of Characteristic denoting Cause {since) or Op- 
position (though). 283. 3; A. & G. 320. e; H. 515. Ill, 517. 

3. Clauses of Characteristic introduced by quln. 283. 4; 
H. 504. 1. 

4. Idiomatic Expressions. 283. 5; A. & G. 320. d; H. 503. 
I. N. 1. 

5. Clauses of Result introduced by ut and ut non. 284. 
1; A. & G. 319 and i; H. 500. II. —For Sequence of Tenses in 
Result Clauses, see 268. 6; A. & G. 287. c; H. 495. VI. 

6. Relative Clauses of Result. 284. 2; A. & G. 319. 2; H. 
500. 1. 

7. Result Clauses introduced by quln. 284. 3; A. & G. 319. 
d; H. 500. II. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. multi invent! sunt, qui summum malum dolorem dice- 
rent, many have been found zvho declared pain the greatest ill. 

2. quis est qui somniis pareat, who is there that heeds dreams ? 

3. sapientia est una quae maestitiam pellat, philosophy is 
the only thing that dispels sorrow. 

4. magna vis veritatis quae se ipsa defendat, oh the mighty 
power of truth, since it defends itself! 

91 



9 2 



Latin Composition. 



5. hie, qui in collegio sacerdotum esset, tamen est condem- 
natus, this man, though he was in the college of priests, was never- 
theless condemned. 

6. nulla natura est quin suam vim retineat, there 's no nat- 
ure that doesn't retain its native force. 

7. Epicurus se unus, quod sciam, sapientem professus est, 
Epicurus alone, so far as I know, set up for a philosopher. 

8. multis vulneribus confectus est ut jam se sustinere non 
posset, he was exhausted with many wounds, so that he could hold 
out no longer. 

9. adeo plus virtiite valuerunt ut decemplicem hostium 
numerum profligarint, 1 they zvere so superior in prozuess, that they 
routed ten times their number of the enemy. 

10. innocentia est affectid talis animi quae nemini noceat, 
innocence is such a quality of the mind as to harm no one. 

11. nemo est tarn fortis quin rei novitate perturbetur, no 
one is so steadfast as not to be confused by a strange occurrence, lit. 
by the strangeness of an occurrence. ' 



VOCABULARY. 



before, antea. 

blind, caecus, a, um. 

devote (oneself), dedo, ere, 

dedidi, deditus. 
discover, invenio, Ire, venl, 

ventus. 
earlier, citius. 
hinder, impede, impedio, ire, 

1V1, ltus. 
miss, requiro, ere, quisivi, 

quisitus. 



passion, libido, inis, f. 
practical wisdom, prudentia, 

ae, f. 
regal power, regnum, 1, n. 
so (of degree) , tarn. 
subdue, domo, are, ui, itus. 
surpass, supero, are, avi, 

atus. 
unjust, injiistus, a, um. 
wretched, miser, a, um. 



1 Note the apparent irregularity of sequence, the perfect subjunc- 
tive being here used as a secondary tense. 



Clauses of Characteristic. 93 

EXERCISE. 

i. There is no one of you who does not know this. 

2. Cato so solaced himself with the many delights of 
old age that he did not miss the strength of youth. 

3. In all Sicily there was no temple that Verres did not 
plunder, no statue that he did not carry off. 4. Cicero 
devoted himself so diligently to the study of oratory 
that he surpassed all other Romans in this branch. 
5. The speeches of Cato, one hundred and fifty so far 
as I have discovered and read them, are full of practical 
wisdom. 6. We were hindered by so many things, 
that we did not come earlier to the city of Athens. 

7. Who is there that considers old age wretched? 

8. Who is so unjust as not to defend this man from 
cruelty? 9. In all ages there have been few men who 
subdued their own passions. 10. You are the only one 
whom I judge worthy of regal power. 1 1 . This man 
was blind, since he did not see these things before. 

Cicero's Speech for Archias. 

There are (some) teachers who pass over the Oration 
for Archias on account of its difficulties. Difficult x it is, 
to be sure ; but why should we be deterred by a few diffi- 
culties from reading the noble production of a distin- 
guished orator ! There is no speech of Cicero extant 2 
which abounds more (than this) in lofty thoughts ; none 
that more actively stimulates the minds of pupils. We 
forget the poet Archias perhaps ; but who that has read ^ 



94 Latin Composition. 

this speech will ever forget the noble tribute 3 which 
Cicero bestows upon the pursuit of letters? 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

i. Indicate the emphasis by placing the Latin word at the beginning 
of its sentence. 

2. there is no speech extant : in Latin, ' no speech is extant.' 

3. noble tribute : Insignem laudem. 



LESSON XXXI. 

CAUSAL CLAUSES. TEMPORAL CLAUSES. 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. Causal Clauses. 286. 1 and b; 286. 2; A. & G. 321. 1, 2; 
326; H. 516. I, II, and 2; 517. 

2. Temporal Clauses introduced by postquam, ut, etc, denot- 
ing a single act. 287. 1; A. & G. 324; H. 518. 

3. Clauses introduced by ut, ubi, simul ac, denoting a re- 
peated act. 287. 2; H. 518. N. 2. 2). 

4. Pluperfect Indicative with postquam. 287. 3. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. Gallia laudetur, quod se non tradidit, 1 let Gaul be praised 
because it did not surrender. 

2. laudatur pr5vincia quod resistat 2 AntSnio, the province is 
praised because it resists Antony. 

3. me accusas non quod tuis rati5nibus non assentiar sed 
quod nullis, you arraign me, not because I do not agree with your 
arguments, but because (I agree) with none. 

4. quae cum ita sint, since these things are so. 

5. postquam in Hispaniam venit magnas res gessit, after he 
arrived in Spain he performed great exploits. 

6. ut Hostius cecidit, Romana inclmatur acies, when Hos- 
tius fell the Roman line wavered. 

7. id ubi audivit, cupiditate incensus est, when he heard 
that, he was kindled with eagerness. 

95- 



96 



Latin Composition. 



8. simul ac te aspexl, hoc sensi, as soon as I set eyes on you 
I observed this. 

9. ut quisque Verris animum offenderat in lautumias 
coniciebatur, whenever anybody had offended Verres's feelings he 
was put in the stone-quarry. 

10. post diem tertium gesta res est, quam hoc dixerat, 3 the 
deed zvas done three days after he had said this. 

Notes on the Examples. 

i) The speaker's own reason, — hence the indicative. 

2) Not the reason of the writer, but of those who bestow the praise, 
— hence the subjunctive. 

3) Note the pluperfect indicative after a phrase denoting a definite 
interval of time (post diem tertium) . 



VOCABULARY. 



accursed, nefarius, a, um. 

allay, sedo, are, avi, atus. 

angry, be angry, irascor, 1, 
with dat. 

appoint (to office), creo, are, 
avi, atus. 

banish, expello, ere, pull, pul- 
sus. 

call, summon, voco, are, avi, 
atus. 



eagerness, cupiditas, atis, f. 
find out (by investigation), com- 

perio, ire, peri, pertus. 
immediately, statim. 
inflame, incendo, ere, cendi, 

census. 
praetor, praetor, oris, m. 
suspicion, suspicio, onis, f. 
ward off, depello, ere, pull, 

pulsus. 



EXERCISE. 

1. After the Athenians heard this they sent Themis- 
tocles to Sparta to allay 1 the suspicions of the Lace- 
daemonians. 2. He was suddenly appointed praetor 
as he returned to Rome. 3. As soon as I found out 



Causal Clauses. Temporal Clauses. 97 

the plans of those accursed men, I consulted the Senate 
concerning your safety and that of all of us. 4. When 
he heard this he was so inflamed with eagerness that he 
immediately called me to him 2 and asked my opinion, 
not that I knew anything, but because he had no one 
else to consult. 5. The Romans, whenever they had 
warded of! their own dangers, used to lend help to their 
allies and friends. 6. Aristides died about three years 3 
after Themistocles had been banished 4 from Athens. 
7. Caesar blamed Ariovistus because he had forgotten 
all the favors of the Roman people. 8. Are you angry 
with us because we went away? 9. Withdraw, O citi- 
zens, to your homes since I have warded off this danger. 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. Use relative clause of purpose. 

2. What pronoun is to be used here? See Lesson XXIII, Ex- 
ample 6, 

3. Use the order, tribus fere annis post. 

4. For the proper tense, see the last Example. 

H 



LESSON XXXII. 

TEMPORAL CLAUSES {continued). 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. Cum -Clauses. 288. 1-3; 289; A. & G. 325. a-c; H. 521. 
I, II. 1, 2. 

2. Antequam and priusquam. 291. 1, 2; 292. 1, 2; A. & G. 
327 and a, b; H. 520. I. I, 2; II. 

3. Dum, donee, quoad. 293. I— III ; A. & G. 328. 1, 2, and a; 
H. 519. I, II. 1, 2. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. an turn eras consul, cum in Palatio mea domus ardebat, 

or were you then consul, when my house burned tip on the Pala- 
tine ? 

2. cum de templo elatus esset, animam efflavit, when he had 
been carried out of the temple, he expired, lit. breathed out his life. 

3. jam Galli fugere apparabant, cum matres familiae 
repente procurrerunt, the Gauls were just preparing to flee, when 
the matrons suddenly rushed forth. 

4. neque, cum aliquid mandarat, confectum putabat, 'nor 
when he had allotted any task, did he think it finished. 

5. cum venies, cognosces, when you come, you will learn. 

6. antequam ad causam rede5, de me pauca dicam, before I 
come back to the case, I will say a few things concerning myself 

7. non prius fugere destiterunt quam ad Rhenum perve- 
nerunt, they did not cease to flee before they reached the Rhine. 

98 



•-: 



Temporal Clauses. 



99 



8. antequam veniat, litteras mittet, before he comes, he will 
send a letter, i.e. he will send a letter in anticipation of his com- 
ing. 

9. antequam verbum facerem, abiit, he left before I uttered 
a word. 

10. dum haec geruntur, ceteri discesserunt, while these 
things were being done, the rest withdrew. 

1 1 . Lacedaemoniorum gens fortis fuit, dum Lycurgi leges 
vigebant, the race of the Spartans was hardy as long as the laws 
of Lycurgus were in force. 

12. d5nec rediit, fuit silentium, there zuas silence till he ca?ne. 

13. exspectavit Caesar, dum naves convenirent, Caesar 
wailed for the ships to assemble. 



VOCABULARY. 



affect, afficid, ere, feci, fectus. 
attack, adorior, in, ortus 

sum. 
attempt, conor, ari, atus sum. 
break down, rescindo, ere, 

scidi, scissus. 
can, be able, possum, posse, 

potui. 
conspiracy, conjuratio, onis, f. 
(crowds), in crowds, frequens, 

entis. 



deny, nego, are, avi, atus. 

importance, dignitas, atis, f. 

last, continue, duro, are, avi, 
atus. 

rear, novissimum agmen, 
(agminis), n. 

relax, remitto, ere, misT, mis- 
sus. 

set forth, explain, expono, ere, 
posui, positus. 

wrongly, injuste. 



EXERCISE. 

1. When I had come to Rhodes and had there been 
informed of the death of the orator Hortensius I was 
affected with great sorrow. 2. The people assembled 
in crowds on the day when Sejanus's statue was thrown 



ioo Latin Composition. 

down. 3. The troops had not yet crossed the river, 
when the cavalry of the enemy attacked their rear. 
4. He who does not defend the good when he can, does 
wrongly. 5. Let us consult the gods before we attempt 
this. 6. Cicero did not relax his diligence before the 
leaders of the conspiracy were put to death. 7. When 
they are brought to trial, they will deny all this. 8. Be- 
fore I set forth the misfortunes of the Sicilians, I will say 
a few (words) about the importance of that province. 
9. Before I set out from Rome, you returned to the city 
from Asia. 10. Scipio will be praised as long as the 
memory of the Roman state lasts. 11. While the 
infantry were crossing this river Hannibal had sent two 
thousand cavalry to the Roman camp. 12. Horatius 
withstood the onset of the enemy till the Romans 
should break down the bridge. 13. Here he remained 
three days until the rest of the legions arrived. 



LESSON XXXIII. 

SUBSTANTIVE CLAUSES. 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. Substantive Clauses developed from the Jussive. 295. 
1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8; cf. A. & G. 331, and c, d, e, 1. i; H. 498 and I, 
II; 502. 1. 

2. Substantive Clauses developed from the Deliberative. 
2 95- 75 2 9§; cf. A. & G. 319. d, 332. g. Rem.; H. 501. II. 2. 

3. Substantive Clauses after verbs of hindering, preventing, 
etc. 295. 3; A. & G. 319. c, 331. e, 2; H. 505. II. 1. 



EXAMPLES. 

1. vos 5ro ne id faciatis, I beg you not to do that. 

2. populus Romanus permittit ut civitate donentur, the Ro- 
man people allows them to be presented with citizenship. 

3. senatus decernit ut frumentum ematur, the Senate decrees 
that grain be purchased. 

4. labdrabam ne testes dicerent, / strove that the witnesses 
should not speak. 

5. reliquum est ut hoc doceam, it remains for me to show this. 

6. licet redeas, you may rehirn. 

7. oportet loquamur, we ought to speak. 

8. maneat necesse est, it is necessary for him to remain. 

9. non fuit causa cur postulates, there was no reason why you 
should ask. 

101 



102 Latin Composition. 

10. nihil causae est quin ita jiidicetis, there's no reason why 
you shouldn't decide thus. 

ii. non dubito quin hoc verum sit, I do not doubt that this is 
true. 

1 2. pliira ne dicam tuae lacrimae me impediunt, your tears 
prevent me from saying more. 

1 3. prohibuit quominus in unum coirent, he prevented them 
from coming together. 

14. nee quin erumperet prohiberi poterat, nor could he be 
prevented from rushing forth. 

Remarks. 

1. Licet and oportet take either the infinitive or the subjunctive 
without ut, but the infinitive is the commoner construction, especially 
with licet ; necesse est freely admits either construction. 

2. Constitu5, when denoting another act of the same subject, more 
commonly takes an infinitive than an ut-clause. 

3. Prohibeo is much more commonly construed with an infinitive 
than with a Substantive Clause introduced by ne, qu5 minus, or quin, 
e.g. si qui te introire prohibuerit, if any one should prevent your 
entering. In Cicero and Caesar prohibeo never occurs followed by a 
quin-clause, though it may take qu5 minus. 

4. ImpediS quin does not occur in Cicero's speeches or philo- 
sophical works, though impedio quo minus is frequent. 

5. In general, after negative expressions of hindering quo minus 
is often used in preference to quin. 

VOCABULARY. 



against, contrary to, contra, 

prep, with ace. 
beg, oro, are, avi, atus. 
care, take care, euro, are, avi, 

atus. 
doubt, dubito, are, avi, atus. 



doubtful, dubius, a, um. 
endeavor (that), laboro, are, 

avi, atus. 
entreat, obsecro, are, avi, 

atus. 



Substantive Clauses. 103 



extend (thanks), ago, ere, egi, 

actus. 
necessary, it is necessary, ne- 

cesse est. 
prevent, prohibeo, ere, ui, itus. 



Quirites, Quirites, ium, m. 
reason, causa, ae, f. 
settler, colonus, 1, m. 
thanks, gratiae, arum, f. 



EXERCISE. 

1. It is necessary that we adjudge these men enemies. 
2. By whom were you prevented from waging war against 
Caesar? 3. I beg and entreat you, judges, to save this 
man. 4. Fear did not hinder Cicero from defending 
Roscius of Ameria. 5. Do not permit the soldiers to 
occupy the lands of these settlers. 6. Who will doubt 
that these things were done contrary to law? 7. You 
ordained that thanks should be extended to our allies. 
8. It was not cjoubtful to any one 1 that the Carthaginian 
envoys had sought peace. 9. You decreed that no one 2 
should prevent us from holding our lands. 10. What 
reason is there why these two brothers should not lead 
a colony to cis- Alpine Gaul? 11. I endeavored that 
Pompey should attain the highest honors. 12. There's 
no reason why one judge should be thought better than 
another. 13. Take care, Quirites, that those who are 
absent may have a place to which to 3 return. 

* 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. not doubtful to any one ; in Latin, was doubtful to no one. 

2. that no one ; in Latin, lest any one. 

3. Use relative clause of purpose introduced by qu5 {to which) ; 
omit ' a place ' in translation. 



LESSON XXXIV. 

SUBSTANTIVE CLAUSES {continued). 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. Substantive Clauses developed from the Optative. 296 
entire; cf A. & G. 331. b, 2./; H. 498. I. 

2. Substantive Clauses of Result. 297. 1-3; A. & G. 332. 
a,f; H. 501. I. I, 2; II. I j III. 

3. Substantive Clauses introduced by quod. 299. 1, 2; A. 
&G. 333 and a; H. 540. IV. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. opto ut hoc audiatis, I desire that you hear this. 

2. visne hdc prlmum videamus, 1 do you wish that we consider 
this first? 

3. velim 2 scribas, 1 / wish you zvould write. 

4. vellem 3 scriberes, 1 / wish you were writing. 

5. vellem scripsisses, 1 f wish you had written. 

6. verebar, ne animos vestros offenderem, / was afraid that 
I shoidd offend your feelings. 

7. veritus est ut hostium impetum sustinere posset, he 
feared that he could not withstand the attack of the enemy. 

8. n5n vereor ne non 4 te expleam, I am not afraid that I 
shall not satisfy you. 

9. gravitas morbi facit ut medicina egeamus, the severity 
of disease makes us need medicine. 

10. accidit ut veniret, it happened that he came. 

104 



Substantive Clauses. 



105 



11. aceedebat ut naves deessent, another consideration was 
the lack of boats, lit. it was added that boats were lacking. 

12. est hoc commune vitium ut invidia glSriae comes sit, 
this is a common evil, that Envy is the attendant of Glory. 

13. mirabile videtur, quod rediit, it seems zvonderful, that he 
came back. 

14. bene fecisti quod mansisti, you did iv ell, that you staid. 



Notes on the Examples. 

1) Note the absence of ut, as regularly after visne, velim, 
vellem. 

2) Velim is potential subjunctive ; the present implies that the wish 
contained in the object clause is one capable of realization. 

3) Vellem is likewise a potential subjunctive ; the imperfect im- 
plies regret at the unreality of the object clause. 

4) Note the use of ne non (instead of ut) after a main clause con- 
taining a negative. 

VOCABULARY. 



acquittal, absolutio, orris, f. 
added, it is added, accedit, 

ere, cessit, impersonal, 
foe, inimicus, 1, m. 
guard, protection, praesidium, 

l, n. 
habit, mos, mSris, m. 
happen, it happens, accidit, 

ere, accidit, impersonal, 
lose, amitto, ere, misi, missus. 



please, it pleases, placet, ere, 
placuit or placitum est, 

impersonal, with the dat. . 
sufficient, enough, satis, with 

gen. 
till, up to, ad. 
(vengeance), take vengeance on, 

ulciscor, 1, ultus sum, with 

ace. 



EXERCISE. 



1. Why, Quirites, should you fear that I have not suffi- 
cient guard? 1 2. It is the habit of men to envy the 



106 Latin Composition. 

prosperous. 3. We desired that you should choose men 
worthy to be sent. 4. This pleases us, that you have 
taken vengeance on your foes. 5. I wish my father had 
lived till this day. 6. At my return it happened that 
the people gathered from all Italy to congratulate 2 me. 
7. I wish I had more books. 8. In time of war it often 
happens that the women and children undergo greater 
hardships than the soldiers themselves. 9. I wish you 
would ask your brother not to leave us. 10. Besides 
this he did not reckon glory as of more value than virtue. 
11. What reason was there why Verres should fear that 
he would be condemned by these judges? 12. It so 
happened that the general had already sent a letter from 
camp to the Senate at Rome. 3 13. I do not fear that 
he will be angry with me. 14. This I say, judges, that 
you may the more willingly acquit the prisoner of this 
charge. 15. Do you not fear that you will lose all your 
fortune ? 

Cicero's Speech on Pompey's Commission. 

When 4 the tribune Manilius had introduced a bill that 
Pompey be placed in command of the war against Mith- 
ridates, 5 the aristocrats stoutly opposed (him), some on 
the ground that absolute power ought not to be conferred 6 
on a single man, others on the ground that all hope ought 
not to be risked 6 in one (person). But Cicero spoke 
earnestly in behalf of this bill ; he enumerated Pompey's 
many excellent qualities 7 and previous exploits with so 
great eloquence and skill that he 8 was sent as absolute 
commander against Mithridates. 



Substantive Clauses. 107 



Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. See Lesson XII, Example 6. 

2. Use the supine in um, 

3. See Lesson VII, Example 8. 

4. when, etc. : in Latin ' to the tribune Manilius, when he had 
introduced . . . the aristocrats opposed.' See 351. 2. a. 2). 

5. war against Mithridates ; bellum Mithridaticum, lit. Mith- 
ridatic war. 

6. ought not to be conferred, ought not to be risked : use the passive 
periphrastic conjugation ; the auxiliary needs to be expressed only with 
the second verb. 

7. excellent qualities : express by the single word virtutes. 

8. he: ille. 



LESSON XXXV. 

INDIRECT QUESTIONS. 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. Simple Questions. 300. 1-3; A. & G. 334 and b, f; H. 
529. I. 

2. Double Questions. 300. 4; cf A. & G. 211. d; H. 529. II. 

3. 0- 2 )- 

3. Haud scio an, nescio an. 300. 5; H. 529. II. 3. 2). N. 2. 

EXAMPLES. 

1 . qua celeritate haec gesta sint, videtis, you see with what 
rapidity these things have been achieved. 

2. quaeret a me ubi sit pecunia, he will inquh-e of me where 
the money is. 

3. exquire num quid scripserit, ask whether he has written 
anything. 

4. nesciS cur h5c putes, / do not know why you think this. 

5. rogavi pervenissentne Agrigentum, / asked whether they 
had come to Agrigentitm. 

6. quaerS a te nSnne putes, / ask of you whether yon do not 
think. 

7. nescio quo me vertam, / do not knozv whither to turn 
(direct : quo vertam, zvhither am I to turn ?). 

8. hanc paludem si nostri transirent, hostes exspectabant, 
the enemy zvere waiting {to see) whether our men would cross this 
marsh. 

* 

108 



Indirect Questions. 109 

9. quaero utrum verum an falsum sit, ^ 

10. quaero verumne an falsum sit, I / ask whether it is 

11. quaero verum an falsum sit, j true or false. 

12. quaerS verum falsumne sit, J 

13. di utrum sint necne quaeritur, it is asked whether there 
are gods or not. 

14. haud scio an malim, I am inclined to think I prefer. 

Remarks. 

1. To denote future time in indirect questions, periphrastic forms 
are used where ambiguity would otherwise result ; as, non quaero 
quid dicturus sis, / do not ask what you will say. 

2. NSnne in indirect questions is used only after quaero ; see the 
6th example above, 

3. In indirect double questions necne is commonly used to express 
or not ; anndn is much less frequent. 

VOCABULARY. 



(account), on account of, prop- 
ter, prep, with ace. 

advantage, emolumentum, 1, n. 

approve, probo, are, avi, 
atus. 

ask, inquire of, quaero, ere, 
quaesivi, Itus. 

cause, causa, ae, f. 

chief, princeps, ipis, m. 

deliberate, delibero, are, avi, 
atus. 



discuss, disputS, are, avi, 

atus. 
disregard, contemno, ere, 

tempsT, temptus. 
hour, hora, ae, f. 
long, longus, a, um. 
(time), at same time with, simul 

cum, with abl. 
uncertain, incertus, a, um. 
wait, exspecto, are, avi, atus. 
whether ... or, utrum . . . an. 



EXERCISE. 



1. It is uncertain how long the life of each of us 
will be. 2. I do not ask what cause impelled you. 



no Latin Composition- 

3. Xenophon consulted Socrates whether to follow Cyrus 
into Asia. 4. The philosophers have often discussed 
(the question) whether the soul is immortal or perishes 
at the same time with our bodies. 5. I am inclined to 
think I should call Aristotle the chief of all philosophers. 
6. He deliberated whether there was any reason why he 
should not return home. 7. It is asked whether virtue 
is sought for its own sake 1 or because of certain advan- 
tages. 8. I do not know whether to praise or blame 
the author of this book. 9. Why does it concern us, 
whether a colony was led to this place or not? 10. I 
was waiting (to see) if you would write me anything 
about him. n. Do not disregard what others say of 
you. 12. We asked of this witness whether he had not 
remained at home more than five hours on that day. 
13. He did not know how long he had remained at 
home. 14. You often ask whether I approve this 
plan or not. 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. for its own sake : propter se. 



LESSON XXXVI. 

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES. 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. First Type. Nothing Implied. 302. 1-4; A. & G. 306, 
and a; 309. a, c; 307. a; H. 508 and 2, 4, 5. 2). 

2. Second Type. Supposed Case Contingent {should . . . 
would). 303; A. & G. 307. b; H. 509. 

3. Third Type. Contrary to Fact. 304 entire; A. & G. 
308 and a, c, d; H. 510 and N. 2; 511. I. N. 3; 511. 2. 



EXAMPLES. 

1. si hoc dicis, erras, if you say this, you are mistaken. 

2. si h5c dicebas, errabas, if you were saying this, you were 
mistaken. 

3. si hoc dices, errabis, if you say (i.e. shall say) this, you will 
be mistaken. 

4. si hoc dixisti, erravisti, if you said this, you zvere mis- 
taken. 

5. memoria minuitur, nisi earn exerceas, memory grows weak 
unless you exercise it. 

6. si quis equitum deciderat, pedites circumsistebant, if 
any one of the horsemen fell, the foot soldiers gathered around him. 

7. si viri sumus, hie maneamus, if we are men, let us remain 
here I 

8. si hoc dicas, erres, ^ If you should say this, you 

9. si hoc dixeris, erraveris, / would be mistaken. 

in 



H2 Latin Composition. 

10. si hoc dlceres, errares, if you were saying this, you would 
be mistaken. 

11. si hoc dixisses, erravisses, if you had said this, you would 
have been mistaken. 

12. deleri potuit exercitus, si quis aggressus esset, the army 
could have been wiped out, if any one had attacked it, lit. was able 
to be wiped out. 

13. eum patris loco colere debebas, si ulla in te pietas esset, 
you ought to revere him as a father, if you had in you any sense of 
devotion. 

14. si Pompejus occisus esset, fuistisne ad arma ituri, if 
Po7?ipey had been slain, would you have proceeded to arms? 

VOCABULARY. 



aspire to, strive for, nltor, 1, 
nisus or nixus sum, fol- 
lowed by ad with ace. 

authority, auctoritas, atis, f. 

band together, conjungo, ere, 
junxi, junctus, with the re- 
flexive. 

conduct, deduco, ere, duxi, 
ductus. 

fault, culpa, ae, f. 



(place), to some place, aliquo. 
prevail, valeo, ere, valui. 
sake, for the sake, causa, with 

gen. 
still, yet, tamen. 
understand, intellego, ere, 

lexi, lectus. 
utter, dico, ere, dixi, dictus. 
where (rel.), ubi. 



EXERCISE. 

1. If he had known what opinion I was going to 
utter, 1 he would have relaxed something from his sever- 
ity. 2. If you listen, you will understand how great a 
kindness you received from me. 3. If money and 
friends are lost, let us at least retain honor. 4. If my 
advice and authority had prevailed at that time, you, 
Antonius, would now be in exile, and we should be free. 



Conditional Sentences. 1 1 3 

5. Death is even to be desired, if it conducts the soul to 
some place where it will be immortal. 6. Why, then, 
should I fear, if after death I am to be either not 
wretched or perhaps even happy. 7. If you 2 do wrong 
for the sake of a friend, there's still no excuse for the 
fault. 8. If he should beg us to help him, what would 
you reply? 9. They could have freed 3 the city from 
the tyrant, if all the citizens had banded together. 
10. Unless the souls of men were immortal, all the 
best men would not aspire to immortality. 

Cicero as an Orator. 

There is no doubt th-at Cicero surpassed all his con- 
temporaries in eloquence. At that time there was no 
one at Rome who had devoted himself so thoroughly to 
literature, no one who had studied philosophy so mi- 
nutely, no one who was better versed 4 in civil law, no one 
who had so great an acquaintance with 5 Roman history. 
Furthermore he was so skilled in speaking 6 that he 
moved the people or 7 the judges in whatever way he 
wished, rousing them now to laughter, now to anger, now 
to weeping. 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. Use the active periphrastic conjugation. 

2. This is the indefinite 'you.' 

3. See Example 12. 

4. better versed : express by the comparative of peritus. 

5. Express by the gen. 

6. in speaking : in d.icend.5 (the gerund). 

7. vel, not aut. 342. x.b. 

1 



LESSON XXXVII. 
use of nisi, si non, sin. conditional clauses of 

COMPARISON. 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. Nisi, sT non, sin. 306 entire; cf A. & G. 315. a, b; H. 
p. 282, footnote I ; 507. 3. N. 4. 

2. Conditional Clauses of Comparison. 307. 1, 2; A. & G. 
312 and Rem.; H. 513. II and N. I, and footnote 3. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. hoc enim non facerem, nisi necesse esset, for I should not 
be doing this unless it zvere necessary. 

2. etiam si vir bonus ndn esset, even if he were NOT a good 
man. 

3. dolSrem si n5n potuero frangere, tamen occultabo, if I 
cannot subdue my grief, yet I zuill hide it. 

4. si futurum est, fiet ; si ndn futurum est, non fiet, if it is 
destined to be, it will be ; if it is not destined, it will not be. 

5. hoc si assecutus sum, gaudeS ; si minus, me cSnsolor, if 
I have attained this, I am glad ; if not, I console myself 

6. haec si dices, tenebere ; sin alia dices, me non refutabis, 
if you say this, you zvill be caught ; but if you say something else, you 
will not refute my statements. 

7. nihil quaesivit nisi justitiam, he sought nothing but justice. 

8. nisi verd n5n hostem Antonium judicavistis, unless 
indeed you did not consider Antony an enemy. 

114 



Use of nisi, si non, sin. 



115 



9. nomen petis quasi incertum sit, you ask for the name as 
if it were uncertain. 

10. hoc loc5 sedebat, quasi reus ipse esset, he sat in this place 
as if he zuere himself under accusation. 

1 1 . ita loquor quasi ego illud f ecerim, I speak as though I had 
done that. 



VOCABULARY. 



appear, be present, adsum, esse, 

fill, futurus. 
as if, as though, quasi. 
but if, sin. 

courageously, fortiter. 
extol, effero, ferre, extuli, 

elatus. 
force, vis, vis, f. 
hostile, inimicus, a, um. 



magistrate, magistrates, iis, m. 
permanent, stable, stabilis, e. 
prepare, prepare for, paro, are, 

avi, atus, with ace. 
prisoner, defendant in a suit, 

reus, T, m. 
restore, reddo, ere, reddidi, 

redditus. 
settle, consido, ere, sedi. 



EXERCISE. 

1. If I were not hostile to the prisoner, I should appear 
as a witness in this case. 2. These men are still plotting 
the destruction of the city as though I had not already 
exposed their plans. 3. If he pays me the money he 
owes, I will come ; if not, I will remain at home. 4. If 
he comes with the cavalry, we shall not despair of victory ; 
if he does not come, not even Fortune herself can save 1 
us. 5. At home the Romans courageously prepared 
for war as though they had not just lost two consuls and 
a large army. 6. If you occupied Gaul first, you shall 
remain ; but if the Roman people settled here before 
you, 2 they 3 will prevent you by force from holding their 



Ii6 Latin Composition. 

lands. 7. Friendships are not permanent except between 
the good and honorable. 8. If we do not enjoy all 
blessings in this state, at least we have many. 9. Unless 
you restore this money, we shall accuse you before the 
magistrate. 10. Why should you extol this man with 
praises, unless indeed treachery and cowardice are worthy 
of honor? 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. can save : servare potest. 

2. before you : i.e. before y oil did, prius quam tu. 

3. they : in Latin is, referring to populus. 



LESSON XXXVIII. 

SUBORDINATE ADVERSATIVE CLAUSES INTRODUCED BY 

quamvis, quamquam, etc. provisos. 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. Subordinate Adversative Clauses. 309.1-5; A. & G. 313 
and a-f; H. 515. I— III. 

2. Provisos. 310. II; A. & G. 314 and a; H. 513. I. 



EXAMPLES. 

% 

1. quod turpe est, id quamvis occultetur, non honestum fit, 

what is base does not become honorable, even though it be hidden. 

2. quamvis amplum sit, parum est, however extensive it be, it 
is too little. 

3. Roman!, quamquam itinere fessi erant, tamen prSce- 
dunt, though the Romans were weary with marching, yet they 

■advanced. 

4. etsi nunquam dubium fuit, though it was never doubtful. 

5. Atticus honSres non petiit, cum ei paterent, Aiticus did 
not seek honors, though they were open to him. 

6. quamquam quid loquor, and yet why do I talk ? 

7. magno me metu liberabis dum modo inter me atque te 
murus inter sit, you zaill relieve me of a great fear, provided only 
there be a wall between you and me. 

8. id faciat saepe dum ne lassus fiat, let him do that often, 
provided he does not become tired. 

117 



n8 Latin Composition. 

9. manent ingenia senibus, modo permaneat industria, old 

men 's faculties continue, provided only industry remains. 

Remarks. 

1. Etsi, although, is carefully to be distinguished from etsi, even 
if; the latter is a conditional particle and takes any of the construc- 
tions admissible for si ; see Lesson XXXVI. 

VOCABULARY. 



afterwards, postea. 

excite, excito, are, avi, atus. 

guilt, culpa, ae, f. 

meet with (something) , incurro, 
ere, incurri, cursiirus, fol- 
lowed by in with ace. 

provided, provided that, dum. 

recover, recupero, are, avi, 
atus. 



relieve, libero, are, avi, atus. 
siege, obsidio, orris, f. 
unscrupulous, improbus, a, urn. 
useless, inutilis, e. 
utterly, omninS. 
win over, coneilio, are, avi, 
atus. 



EXERCISE. 

1. Provided you come with four thousand cavalry, you 
will relieve the city from fear of siege. 2. Though Fort- 
une desert us, let us not desert our friends. 3. How- 
ever fortunate men are, they are never so fortunate as 
not to meet with troubles. 4. And yet who doubts that 
you are plotting the murder of all your fellow-citizens? 
5. Provided only he does not lead his soldiers from the 
province to Rome, he may 1 remain in charge 2 of his 
army. 6. This prisoner shall be defended by me, 
though it be useless. 7. Although Miltiades had con- 
quered the Persians in the battle of Marathon, he was 
afterwards accused by the Athenians because he had not 



Subordinate Adversative Clauses. 119 

recovered Paros. 8. While he lacked guilt, he was not 
free from suspicion. 9. Provided we sell grain at a 
lower price, we shall win over the excited populace. 
10. Although Verres was powerful and utterly unscrupu- 
lous, he could not prevent me from being chosen as 
advocate of the Sicilians against him. 3 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. This idea cannot be expressed by the simple subjunctive; use 
licet with the proper construction. See Lesson XXXIII, Example 6. 

2. re??iain in charge : render by the present of praesum with the 
dat. 

3. What pronoun must be used ? See Lesson XXIII, Example 6. 



LESSON XXXIX. 

INDIRECT DISCOURSE. 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

Moods. 

i. Declaratory Sentences. 314. 1, 3; 331. 1; A. & G. 336. 2 
and b; H. 523. i; 524 and 2. 1), 2). 

2. Interrogative Sentences. 315. 1-3; A. & G. 338 and a; 
H. 523. II. 1, 2. 

3. Imperative Sentences. 316 and a; A. & G. 339 and N. 2; 
H. 523. Ill and N. 

Tenses. 

1. Of the Infinitive. 317 and a; A. & G. 336 A and N. 1; 

H. 525 and footnote 4. 

2. Of the Subjunctive. 318 and a; A. & G. 336 B and N. 2; 
H. 525 and footnote 4. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. Ariovistus respondit sese non esse venturum, Ariovistus 
replied thai he would not come. (Direct: n5n veniam. ) 

2. Regulus dixit quam diu jure jurandd nostrum teneretur 
non esse se senatdrem, Regulus said that so long as he was held by 
his oath to the enemy he was not a senator. (Direct : quamdiu . . . 
teneor, non sum senator.) 

3. referunt, esse silvam mfinita magnitudine, quae Bacenis 
appellatur, they bring back word that there is a forest of limitless 
extent, which is called Bacenis. (The direct statement here is est 
silva ; the clause quae appellatur is an addition of the writer.) 

120 



Indirect Discourse. 



121 



4. Caesari respondit se prius in Galliam venisse quam pop- 
ulum RSmanum. Quid sibi vellet ? Cur in suas possessiones 
veniret? he answered Caesar that he had come into Gaul before 
the Roman people. What did he want? Why did he come into his 
domain ? (Direct : ego prius veni. Quid vis ? Cur venis ?) 

5. si veteris contumeliae oblivisci vellet, num etiam recen- 
tium injuriarum memoriam se depdnere posse, if he were will- 
ing to forget the former indignity , could he also banish the recollection 
of recent wrongs ? (Direct : si velim, num possum ?) 

6. quid metueret, what {said he) had he to fear ? (Direct : 
quid metuam.) 

7. dixit illi irent ad copias, let them, he said, go to their troops. 
(Direct : vos ite.) 

^| I knozv you were doing this. (Direct: agebas.) 

8. sciStehaec , ' 7 , , . * . v _ . ± _ * J 

\ I know you did this. (Direct: egisti.) 
esfisse I 

J I know you had done this. (Direct: egeras.) 

9. videor ostendisse quales dei essent, / seem to have shown 
of what nature the gods are. (Direct : ostendi.) 

Remarks. 

1. Note that a dependent perfect infinitive is treated as an historical 
tense whenever, if resolved into an equivalent indicative, it would be 
historical. See the last example above. 

2. Note that for the sake of vividness a present tense of the direct 
discourse is not infrequently retained in the indirect after an historical 
tense. This is called repraesentatio, ' a bringing back to the 
present.' 

VOCABULARY. 



approach, adventus, us, m. 
arise, coorior, Iri, ortus sum. 
bitterly, acerbe. 
bring back word, refero, ferre, 

rettuli, relatus. 
idle, iners, ertis. 



leave, abandon, desero, ere, 

serui, sertus. 
long, diu, diutius, diutissime. 
mutiny, seditio, onis, f. 
of, concerning, de, prep, with abl. 
open, apertus, a, um. 



122 



Latin Composition. 



plough, aro, are, avi, atus. 
quell, sedo, are, avi, atus. 
read (aloud), recito, aire, avi, 
atus. 



scout explorator, oris, m. 

with (not involving participa- 
tion), apud, prep, with ace. 



EXERCISE. . 

i. These scouts brought back word that when the 
Gauls had been informed of Caesar's approach they left 
the villages, which were twenty in number, and fled into 
the woods. 2. He said to the soldiers that the place 
was very suitable ] for a battle ; let each man perform 
his duty, and not 2 forget the glory of the Roman 
name. 3. They bitterly accused Tiberius ; why did 
he idly remain at Rome ? Why did he not set forth for 
Gaul to quell the mutiny which had arisen? 4. When 
the mutiny had arisen, Germanicus urged his wife Agrip- 
pina to go away from camp ; why did she remain longer 
with the army? What was she to do among so many 
unruly soldiers? 5. We read that Cincinnatus was 
ploughing in the field when it was announced to him 
that he had been appointed dictator. 6. Cicero says 
that Sophocles had just written that part of the tragedy 
which he read to the judges. 7. I know you said what 
you thought was true. 8. I know you thought that what 
you said was true. 

Cicero On Old Age. 

The essay 3 On Old Age was written a little after 
the assassination of Julius Caesar. In this work Cicero 
represents Scipio and Laelius asking Cato the Elder in 
what way he bears the burdens of old age so easily. 



Indirect Discourse. 123 

Cato replies that old age is wrongly blamed, that its ills 
lie 4 in the character not in the time of life 5 , and that he 
himself has not only not found old age wretched, but 
even easy and pleasant. 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. very suitable: maxime idSneum, 74. 2; A. & G. 89. d; H. 
169. 2. 

2. See Lesson XXIX, Example 6. 

3. essay : liber, lit. book. 

4. lie : express by esse, are. 

5. time of life : aetas, atis. 



LESSON XL. 

INDIRECT DISCOURSE {continued). 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

Conditional Sentences in Indirect Discourse. 319-322 
entire; A. & G. 337 entire; H. 527 entire. 

EXAMPLES. 

Note. — The direct form is given first in parentheses. 

(si hoc credis, erras, if you believe this, you are wrong.') 

1 . died te, si hoc credas, errare, / say that, if you believe this, 
you are wrong. 

2. dixi te, si h5c crederes, errare, I said that, if you believed 
this, you were wrong. 

(si hoc credes, errabis, if you believe (i.e. shall believe) this, 
you will be wrong.) ■ 

3. dico te, si hoc credas, erraturum esse, / say that if you 
believe (i.e. shall believe) this, you will be wrong. 

4. dixi te, si hoc crederes, erraturum esse, / said that if you 
should believe this, you would be wrong. 

(si h5c credideris, errabis, if you shall have believed this, you 
will be tvrong. ) 

5. died te, si hoc credideris, erraturum esse, / say that if 
you shall have believed this, you will be wrong. 

6. dixi te, si, hoc credidisses, erraturum esse, I said that, if 
you should have believed this, you xvould be wrong. 

(si hoc credas, erres, if you should believe this, you would be 
wrong.) 

124 



Indirect Discourse. 125 

7. dico te, si hoc credas, erraturum esse, I say that if you 
should believe this, you would be wrong. 

8. dixi te, si hoc crederes, erraturum esse, I said that, if you 
should believe this, you would be wrong. 

(si hoc crederes, errares, if you zvere believing this, you would 
be in error?) 

9. died (dixi), te, si hoc crederes, erraturum esse, / say 
(said~) that, if you were believing this, you would be wrong. 

(si h5c credidisses, erravisses, if you had believed this, you 
would have been wrong?) 

10. died (dixi) te, si hoc credidisses, erraturum fuisse, / 
say (said} that, if you had believed this, you would have been 
wrong. 

(si hoc dixisses, piinitus esses, if you had said this, you would 
have been punished?) 

11. died (dixi) si hoc dixisses, futurum fuisse ut punireris, 
I say (said~) that, if you had said this, you would have been pun- 
ished, lit. it would have happened that you should be pitnished. 

12. non dubito quin, si hoc dixisses, erraturus fueris, / do 
not doubt that if you had said this, you would have been zurong. 

13. quaero, num, si h5c dixisses, erraturus fueris, I ask 
whether you would have made a ?nistake, if you had said this. 

14. tarn acriter pugnatum est ut si equites adfuissent cas- 
tra capi potuerint, the fighting was so fierce that if the cavalry 
had been present the camp could have been taken. 



VOCABULARY. 



acquit, absolvo, ere, solvi, 

solutus. 
believe, credo, ere, credidi, 

creditus. 
confess, confiteor, eri, con- 

fessus sum. 



hunger, fames, is, f., abl. sing. 

fame. 
murder, occido, ere, cidi, 

cisus. 
owe, debeo, ere, debui, debi- 

tus. 



126 



Latin Composition. 



pay, solvo, ere, solvi, solutus. 
restrain, coerceo, ere, coercui, 

coercitus. 
reveal, patefacio, ere, feci, 

factus. 
so great, tantus, a, urn. 
so many, tot, indecl. 



so much, so greatly, tantopere. 
suffer from, lab or 6, are, avi, 

atus, with abl. 
terrify, terreo, ere, terrui, ter- 

ritus. 
thwart, obsisto, ere, obstiti, 

with dat. 



EXERCISE. 

i. Cato declared that he would never have undergone 
so many and so great labors unless he had believed that 
the soul is immortal. 2. I know that if you had fol- 
lowed my advice, you would have been chosen consul. 
3. He needed money so much that he would have suf- 
fered from hunger had not friends assisted him. 4. Do 
you doubt that Catiline would have murdered us if I had 
not revealed his plans and thwarted the conspiracy? 
5. I asked him whether he would have come if I had 
sent a letter. 6. The Greeks were so terrified that 
Xerxes could have destroyed them if he had known it. 
7. Tacitus says that Agricola would have devoted himself 
eagerly to the pursuit of philosophy, unless his mother 
had restrained him. 8. Do you think that the magis- 
trates will condemn this man if he confesses his fault? 
9. Do you think the magistrates would acquit this man 
if he should confess his fault? 10. I knew that if you 
should remain long at Athens, you would miss your 
friends. 11. I say that you will be safe if you follow 
my advice. 12. I said that you would be safe if you 
should follow my advice. 



LESSON XLI. 

THE INFINITIVE. 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. Infinitive without Subject Accusative, used as Subject. 

327. I, 2 and a; A. & G. 270 and N. 2, 272 a. 2; H. 538, 536. 2. 3). 
2. Infinitive without Subject Accusative, used as Object. 

328. 1, 2; A. & G. 271 and a; H. 533 and I. I, 2; II. 3; 536. 
2.1). 

EXAMPLES. 

1. dulce et decorum est pr5 patria mori, it is sweet and noble 
to die for one's country. 

2. senatui placuit legatos mittere, the Senate decided (lit. it 
pleased the Senate) to send envoys. 

3. non semper licet 5ti5sum esse, one cannot be always at 
leistire. 

4. patricio tribuno plebis fieri non licebat, it was not allowed 
a patrician to become a tribtme of the plebs. 

5. litteras mittere non audet, he does 71 ot dare send the letter. 

6. nonne me audire vultis, do you not tvish to hear me ? 

7. huic audaciae resistere debetis, you ought to resist this 
audacity. 

8. coloniam deducere cSnatus est, he tried to lead out a 
colony. 

9. evadere non potuit, he could not escape. 

10. paratus abire, ready to depart. 

11. assuetus videre, accustomed to see. 

127 



128 



Latin Composition. 



12. beatus esse sine virtute nemo potest, no one can be 

happy without virtue. 

Remarks. 

i. Note that where the English says ' ought to have done,' ' might 
have done,' the Latin uses detain, oportuit, potui, with the present 
infinitive, as, debuit venire, he ought to have come; potuit venire, 

he might have come. 



VOCABULARY. 



begin, coepi, coepisse; when 
governing a pass. inf. the 
perf. is regularly coeptus 
est. 

behold, aspicio, ere, aspexi, 
aspectus. 

cease, desisto, ere, destiti. 

dare, audeo, ere, ausus sum, 
semi-deponent. 

deadly, capitalis, e. 

eclipse, defectio, onis, f. 

fight, pugno, are, avi, atum. 

find (somebody or something by 



searching), reperio, ire, 

repperi, repertus. 
foretell, praedico, ere, dixi, 

dictus. 
merit (worth), virtus, litis, f. 
moon, hlna, ae, f. 
recount, enumero, are, avi, 

atus. 
retreat, recipiS, ere, cepi, cep- 

tus, with the reflexive, 
sun, sol, solis, m. 
wont, be wont, soleo, ere, sol- 

itus sum, semi-deponent. 



EXERCISE. 

i. It delighted him to foretell the eclipses of the sun 
and moon. 2. Cease to think, my friends, that justice 
can be bought and sold in this court. 3. Caesar 
decided to fight as soon as 1 he saw that the enemy 
wished to retreat. 4. He tried to deprive me of all my 
fortune. 5. Did you dare to crucify any one who called 
himself a Roman citizen? 6. It was not easy to pre- 



The Infinitive. 129 

vent him from finding us. 7. The walls which began to 
be built in your consulship are now finished. 8. I 
began to recount the merits of this general a little while 
ago. 9. It is difficult to say how many books he has 
read. 10. It is much easier to be harsh than lenient. 
11. He was wont to say that no more deadly bane than 
pleasure had been given men by the gods. 12. Do 
you not think that you could have been contented with 
this glory? 13. Could you behold all this without the 
greatest pain ? 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 
1. The order in Latin should be :' Caesar as soon as he,' etc. 351.2. 

K 



LESSON XLII. 

THE INFINITIVE (continued). 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. Infinitive with Subject Accusative, used as Subject. 
330; H. 538. 

2. Infinitive with Subject Accusative, used as Object. 331 
entire; A. & G. 272; H. 535. I, II, III. 

3. Passive Construction of Verbs which in the Active are 
followed by the Infinitive with Subject Accusative. 332 
entire; H. 534. I and Notes 1, 2. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. legem esse brevem oportet, the law ought to be brief. 

2. turpe est me mortem timuisse, it is disgraceful for me to 
have feared death. 

3. milites remigesque reverti jussit, he ordered the soldiers 
and oarsmen to return. 

4. consul ludos fieri vetuit, the consul forbade the games to be 
held. 

5. non patiar istam suspicionem manere, / will not allozu 
that suspicion to remain. 

6. sinite me nostram calamitatem praeterire, permit me to 
pass over our misfortune. 

7. cur hunc tanto dolore affici vis, why do you wish this man 
to be visited with so great grief? 

8. vos enim haec audire cupio, for I wish you to hear this. 

9. maluit se diligi quam metui, he preferred to be loved rather 
than feared. 

130 



The Infinitive. 131 

10. ndn moleste ferebant se libidinum vinculis laxatos 
esse, they did not regret (lit. bear it ill} that they had been freed 
from the fetters of passion. 

11. Ms frumentum dari cogebat, he compelled grain to be 
given to these. 

12. ire in exsilium jussus est, he zvas ordered to go into exile. 

13. populi majestas conservari jubetur, the majesty of the 
people zvas ordered to be preserved. 

14. videbatur magnam gloriam cdnseciitus, 1 he seemed to 
have attained great glory. 

15. dicitur in Italiam venisse, he is said to have come into 
Italy. 

16. Aristides jiistissimus fuisse traditur, Aristides is re- 
ported to have been very just. 

1 7. traditum est Aristidem justissimum fuisse, it is reported 
that Aristides was very just. 

Notes on the Examples. 

1) Observe that the participle in the compound tenses of the infinitive 
agrees with the subject of the main verb in constructions of this type. 
The auxiliary esse is also freely omitted. 

Remarks. 

1. Note that verbs which have no participial stem express the future 
infinitive active and passive by fore tit or futiirurn esse lit, with 
the subjunctive, as spero fore ut hostes arceantur, / hope the 
enemy will be kept off, lit. / hope it will happen that the enemy will be 
kept off. 

VOCABULARY. 



along with, una cum, with abl. 
burn, comburo, ere, ussi, 
ustus. 



(established), it is clearly estab- 
lished, constat, constare, 
constitit, impersonal. 



132 



Latin Composition. 



forbid, veto, are, vetui, veti- 

tus. 
implicated in, conscius, a, urn, 

with gen. 
order, jubeo, ere, jussl, jussus. 
posterity, poster!, orum, m. 
recall, revoco, are, avi, atus. 
reputation, fama, ae, f. 
set on fire, incendo, ere, cen- 

di, census. 



stain, maculo, are, avi, atus. 

(story), the story goes, traditur, 
tradi, traditum est, lit. it 
has been handed down. 

transmit, hand on, prodo, ere, 
prodidi, ditus. 

unwilling, be unwilling, nolo, 
nolle, nolui. 

wish, volo, velle, volui. 



EXERCISE. 

i. The immortal gods have wished us not only to 
receive these blessings from our ancestors, but also to 
transmit them to posterity. 2. The story goes that 
Caesar was implicated in Catiline's conspiracy. 3. It 
is useful to the state for men to be worthy of their an- 
cestors. 4. He did not want his reputation injured. 

5. This army seems to have been entirely wiped out. 

6. The Roman knights were forbidden to ask that I be 
recalled from exile. 7. It is clearly established that 
your slaves came armed into the Forum along with you. 
8. Do we not wish the rights of Roman citizens to be 
held sacred among all nations? 9. The provincials 
rejoice that this general has come into their cities with a 
large army. 10. They were unwilling to be consulted, 
n. Do you wonder, judges, that I dared defend Roscius? 
12. We were suddenly ordered to express our opin- 
ion. 13. Cato is said to have studied Greek literature 
when an old man. 14. Do not allow the altars of the 
immortal gods to be stained with the blood of citizens. 



The Infinitive. 133 

15. The Senate forbade the consul to make a levy of 
soldiers. 16. With this money the people ordered 
lands to be bought. 17. Our ancestors bade King An- 
tiochus to be content with these boundaries. 18. The 
leader of the pirates ordered this fleet to be set on fire 
and burned. 

The Death of Cicero. 

Cicero was at his Tusculan villa with his brother 
Quintus when he heard that he had been proscribed by 
the triumvirs, and at once decided to set out for Astura. 
After he had twice embarked and twice returned to 
land, he came to his villa at Formiae. While he was stay- 
ing here, he was informed that soldiers were approach- 
ing. Even then he might have escaped 1 had he not 
been betrayed by a man whom he had once defended. 
When the soldiers had come up, he made no resistance 2 
and was quickly slain. His head and hands were taken 
to Antony at Rome and fastened to the Rostra. 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. might have escaped: see Lesson XLI, Rem. i. 

2. made no resista?ice : nihil resistebat. 



LESSON XLIII. 

PARTICIPLES. 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. Tenses of the Participle. 336. 1-5; A. & G. 290 and b; 
H. 550 and N. I. 

2. Use of Participles. 337. 1-3, 7, a, b. 1), 2); A. & G. 291; 
292, and a, e; 294 and a, b, d; H. 549. 1-5 and N. 2; 535. I. 4. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. audio te loquentem, I hear you as you speak. 

2. audivi te loquentem, I heard you as you were speaking. 

3. audiam te loquentem, I shall hear you as you speak, i.e. 
as you shall be speaking. 

4. locutus tacet, he has spoken and is silent, lit. having spoken 
he is silent. 

5. locutus tacuit, he had spoken and was silent. 

6. locutus tacebit, he will speak and then keep silent. 

7. idoneum tempus ratus, Athenas se contulit, thinking the 
time favorable, he betook himself to Athens. 

8. Plato scribens est mortuus, Plato died while writing. 

9. perfidiam veritus ad suds recessit, fearing treachery, he 
returned to his own troops. 

10. Catonem vidi in bibliotheca sedentem, / saw Cato sitting 
in his library. 

11. Polyphemum Homerus cum ariete colloquentem facit, 
Homer represents Polyphemus talking with the ram. 

12. post reges exactSs, after the expulsion of the kings, lit. 
after the kings expelled. 

134 



Participles. 



135 



13. leges observandae, laws deserving of observance. 

14. veniendum est, it is necessary to come. 

*5. huic mulieri parcendum est, this woman must be spared. 

16. obliviscendum est injur iarum, one must forget injuries. 

17. legem scribendam curavit, he saw to the engrossing of the 
law. 

18. eum jugulandum vobis tradiderunt, they handed him 
over to you to be put to death. 

Remarks. 

1. Note that the perfect passive participle is often equivalent to a 
relative clause in English ; as, C. Servilius Ahala Sp. Maelium 
occupatum interemit, Gains Servilius Ahala surprised and slew 
Spurius Maelius, lit. slew him having been surprised. 

2. Observe that the present active participle is used much less freely 
in Latin than in English. We employ it somewhat loosely to denote an 
act prior to that of the verb with which it is connected ; as, ' Finding 
no means of escape, he surrendered.' Here the finding is anterior to 
the surrender. In such cases the Latin would employ some other form 
of expression ; in that language the present participle is strictly limited 
to the expression of acts contemporary with the action of the main verb. 



VOCABULARY. 



advance, progredior, 1, gres- 

sus sum. 
bronzes, aera, um, n. (pi. of 

aes, aeris). 
find fault with, culpo, are, avi, 

atus, with ace. 
hand over, trado, ere, tradidi, 

traditus. 
offer, do, dare, dedT, datus.. 
opportunity, facultas, atis, f. 
painter, pictor, oris, m. 



pupil, discipulus, 1, m. 
ravage, populor, ari, atus sum. 
represent, in a work of art, 

fingo, ere, finxi, fictus ; 

otherwise, facio, ere, feci, 

factus. 
set up, statuo, ere, ui, utus. 
strong, validus, a, um. 
thunderbolt, fulmen, inis, n. 
urge, hortor, ari, atus sum. 



136 Latin Composition. 

EXERCISE. 

1. Having ravaged all Campania, Hannibal withdrew 
into winter quarters at Capua. 2. The bronzes and 
statues which Verres had plundered from the temples 
of the Sicilians he handed over to his slaves to carry 
to Rome and set up in his own house. 3. Apelles 
the painter represented Alexander the Great holding a 
thunderbolt in his hand. 4. We must use this man as 
leader. 5. Having attained old age, men are wont to 
find fault with it. 6. I provided for defending the city 
by many strong guards. 7. We must withdraw from 
these woods to our camp. 8. Xenophon represents 
Socrates discussing whether men can learn virtue. 

9. In the seven hundred and eighth year after the 
founding of the city the old republic was overthrown. 

10. I heard you urging your pupils to read the speeches 
of Demosthenes. 11. Rejoicing that this opportunity 
was offered him, he ordered his soldiers to advance. 



LESSON XLIV. 

the gerund; the gerundive construction; the 

SUPINE. 

GRAMMATICAL REFERENCES. 

i. The Gerund. 338. 1-5; A. & G. 295; 297; 298 and c; 
299 and a; 300 and N.; 301; H. 541; 542. I, II, III and Notes 

1, 2, IV andN. 1. 

2. The Gerundive Construction. 339. 1-5; A. & G. 296; 
297; 298 and c; 299; 300; 301; H. 543; 544. I, and Notes 

2, 5- 

3. The Supine. 340 entire; A. & G. 302; 303 and Rem.; 
H. 545 and Notes I, 2; 546; 547 and N.; 547. I, 2. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. finem sequendi fecit, he made an end of following. 

2. cupidus te audiendi, desirous of hearing you. 

3. gloriandi causa, for the sake of boasting. 

4. spatium sumamus ad cogitandum, let us take time for re- 
flection. 

5. fratrem tuum laudando, by praising your brother. 

6. ex discendo capiunt voluptatem, they derive pleasure from 
learning. 

7. consilium urbis delendae et civium trucidandorum, the 
plan of destroying the city and massacring the citizens. 

8. sensus ad res percipiendas idonei, senses adapted to per- 
ceiving objects. 

l 37 



138 Latin Composition. 



9. Brutus in liberanda patria interfectus est, Brutus was 
slain in freeing his country. 

10. cupiditas plura 1 habendi, desire of having more. 

11. ad agrum fruendum 2 nos allectat senectus, old age in- 
vites us to enjoy the farm. 

12. sui conservandi 3 causa, for the sake of saving themselves. 

13. vestrl cdnservandi 3 causa, for the sake of saving your- 
selves. 

14. pacem petitum oratores mittunt, they send envoys to ask 
for peace. 

15. mirabile auditu, wonderful to hear ! 

Notes on the Examples. 

1) The Gerundive Construction could not be used here ; prurium 
habendorum could be masculine as well as neuter, and would thus 
occasion ambiguity. 

2) Note that fruor, like the other deponents governing the ablative, 
admits the gerundive construction. 

3) Conservandi agrees merely in form with sui and vestrl ; in 
sense it is plural. 

Remarks. 

1. The dative of the gerund and of the gerundive are both rare in 
Ciceronian Latin; consequently the construction, though common 
later, is hardly to be imitated by the beginner in Latin writing. 

VOCABULARY. 



. 



ambush, insidiae, arum, f. 
arm, armo, are, avi, atus. 
circumstance, res, rei, f. 
collect, colligo, ere, legi, 

lectus. 
commonwealth, res publica, 

rei publicae, f. 



complain, queror, 1, questus 

sum. 
confidence, fiducia, ae, f. 
draw on, lure on, traho, ere, 

traxi, tractus. 
inscription, titulus, 1, m. 
kingdom, regnum, 1, n. 



Gerund and Supine. 139 



obtain, potior, in, potitus 

sum. 
recollection, memoria, ae, f. 



spend, dego, ere, degi. 
tomb, sepulcrum, T, n. 
wandering, error, oris, m. 



EXERCISE. 

i. By returning home he escaped destruction. 2. En- 
voys came from the Aequi to complain of injuries and 
demand restitution. 3. By reading the inscriptions 
of the tombs I return to a recollection of the dead. 
4. They gave the enemy no opportunity of collecting 
themselves. 5. By their eagerness for pursuing they 
were drawn on to the place of ambush. 6. This cir- 
cumstance at length gave the Trojans a hope of ending 
their wanderings. 7. I do not fear that any one will 
think I am saying this for the sake of frightening you. 
8. Cyrus said he had great confidence of obtaining the 
kingdom. 9. He gave us the opportunity of seeing all 
the things that you left. 10. We spent three days at 
Capua in writing letters. n. Very little time was given 
the Romans for arming themselves. 12. Wonderful to 
tell, no one was in charge of these troops. 13. Do you 
wish to offer Antonius an opportunity of crushing the 
commonwealth ? 

The Character of Caesar. 

It is difficult to form a correct judgment 1 concerning 
Caesar's character. 2 It is admitted 3 that in early life 4 he 
was dissolute, and that afterwards he showed no regard 5 
for justice and the laws. Yet he was (a man) of excep- 



140 Latin Composition. 

tional foresight, and saw not only from what evils the 
state was suffering but also by what means these could 
be checked. Yet on account of his premature death 
we cannot say how successfully he would have organ- 
ized 6 the government/ if he had lived. 

Suggestions on the Exercise. 

1. forjn a correct judgment : recte judicare. 

2. character: ingenium. 

3. it is admitted : constat. 

4. in early life : express by adulescens in agreement with the 
subject of the dependent infinitive. 

5. showed no regard: 'to show no regard' is in Latin non ratiS- 
nem habere, construed with a gen. of the thing. 

6. would have organized : see 322. b. 

7. government : res publica. 



GENERAL VOCABULARY. 



Note. — Words enclosed in parentheses are not themselves defined, but are 
inserted to assist in the definition of other words. 



abandoned, perditus, a, um. 
abode, domicilium, I, n. 
abound, abundo, are, avi. 
about, concerning, de, prep, with 

abl. 
about, nearly, fere. 
absent, be absent, absum, esse, 

afui, afuturus. 
accomplice, consents, il, m. 
accomplish, efficio, ere, feci, 

fectus. 
accord, of my, your, one's own, 

sponte, abl. f., defective, 
accordingly, itaque. 
(account), on account of, propter, 

prep, with ace. 
accursed, nefarius, a, um. 
accuse, accuso, are, avi, atus. 
Achaea, Achaia, ae, f. 
acquainted, be acquainted with, 

perf. tenses of cognosco, 

ere, novl, nitus. 
acquit, absolvo, ere, solvi, solu- 

tus. 
acquittal, absolutio, onis, f. 
across, trans, prep, with ace. 
act, factum, I, n. 
actively, vehementer. 
adapted, aptus, a, um. 
(added), it is added, accedit, ere, 

accessit. 



adjudge, judico, are, avi, atus. 
admire, admlror, ari, atus 

sum. 
admonition, give admonition, ad- 

moneo, ere, ui, itus. 
advance, progredior, I, gressus 

sum. 
advantage, commodum, I, n. 
advantage, profit, emolumentum, 

l, n. 
adverse, adversus, a, um. 
advice, consilium, i, n. 
advocate, legal adviser, patronus, 

1, m. 
advocate, promoter, auctor, oris, 

m. 
Aeneas, Aeneas, ae, m. 
Aequi, Aequi, orum, m. 
Aesculapius, Aesculapius, i, m. 
affect, afficio, ere, feci, fectus. 
Africa, Africa, ae, f. 
after, postquam, conj. 
after, post, prep, with ace. 
afterwards, postea. 
against, in, prep, with ace. 

against, contrary to, contra, 

prep, with ace. 
age, aetas, atis, f. 

at the age of, natus, construed 

with the ace. of the age. 
ago, ante, adv. 
Agricola, Agricola, ae, m. 
Agrigentine, Agrigentinus, a, um. 



141 



142 



Latin Composition. 



Agrippina, Agrippina, ae, f. 
aid, subsidium, i, n. 
Alexander, Alexander, dri, m. 
alive, vivus, a, urn. 
all, omnis, e. 

all the best, noblest, etc., quis- 

que, with superlative, 
allay, sedo, are, avi, atus. 
allies, socii, orum, m. 
Allobroges, Allobroges, urn, m. 
allow, sino, ere, sivi, situs. 
almost, paene. 

along with, una cum, with abl. 
already, jam. 
altar, ara, ae, f. 
although, though, quamquam ; 

quamvis; cum. 
always, semper. 
ambush, Insidiae, arum, f. 
Ameria, of Ameria, Amerinus, a, 

um. 
among, apud, prep, with ace. 
among, between, in the midst 

of, inter, prep, with ace. 
ample, amplus, a, um. 
Amulius, Amulius, l, n. 
ancestors, maj ores, um, m. 
ancient, antiquus, a, um. 
Ancus Marcius, Ancus Marcius, 

1, m. 
and, et ; -que (enclitic) ; atque. 
and not, neve, neu ; neque. 
and yet, quamquam. 
anger, iracundia, ae, f. 
angry, be angry, irascor, i, con- 
strued with dat. 
announce, nuntio, are, avl, atus. 
annoyance, molestia, ae, f. 
another, alius, a, ud. 
answer, responded, ere, spondi, 

sponsion. 
Antenor, Antenor, oris, m. 
Antioch, Antiochia, ae, f. 
Antiochus, Antiochus, i, m. 
Antonius, Antonius, i, m. 
anxiety, cur a, ae, f. 



anybody, anyone, anything, quis- 
quam, quaequam, quid- 
quam ; quis, quid. 
Apelles, Apelles, is, m. 
Apollo, Apollo, inis, m. 
appear, be present, adsum, esse, 

adfui, adfuturus. 
Appian Way, Appia Via, ae, f. 
appoint, constituo, ere, ui, utus. 
appoint, elect, creo, are, avl, 
atus. 
approach, adventus, us, m. 
approach (used absolutely), ap- 
propinquo, are, avi. 
approach somebody or some- 
thing, accedo, ere, cessi, 
cessurus ; followed by ad 
with ace. 
approve, probo, are, avi, atus. 
Aquileia, Aquileia, ae, f. 
Aquilo, Aquilo, onis, m. 
Archias, Archias, ae, m. 
Archytas, Archytas, ae, m. 
Ariovistus, Ariovistus, i, m. 
arise, coorior, iri, ortus sum. 
Aristides, Aristides, is, m. 
aristocrats, optimates, ium, m. 
Aristotle, Aristoteles, is, m. 
arm, armo, are, avi, atus. 
armed, armatus, a, um. 

armed men, armati, orum, 
m. 
arms, weapons, arma, orum. 
army, exercitus, us, m. 
arraignment, accusatio, onis, f. 
arrive, advenio, ire, veni, ven- 

tum. 
arrogant, insolens, entis. 
Arruns, Arruns, untis, m. 
art, ars, artis, f. 
as, when, cum ; ut. 

as, correlative with previous so 

or as, quam. 
as = so, tarn. 
as if, as though, quasi. 
as long as, dum. 



General Vocabulary. 



143 



as not to, after so, such, etc., 

in a negative clause, quin. 
as soon as, simul atque (ac). 
ashamed, it shames, pudet, ere, 

uit, impersonal. 
Asia, Asia, ae, f. 
ask (a question), rogo, are, avi, 

atus. 
ask, inquire of, quaero, ere, 

quaeslvi, quaesitus. 
ask, request, rogo, are, avi, 

atus. 
aspire to, strive for, nitor, 1, nisus 

or nixus sum, followed by 

ad with ace. 
assassination, caedes, is, 
assemble (intrans.) , convenio, ire, 

veni, ventum. 
assemble (trans.), convoco, are, 

avi, atus. 
assign, attribuo, ere, ui, utus. 
assist, juvo, are, juvi, jutus. 
assistance, auxilium, i, n. 
Astura, Astura, ae, f. 
asylum, asylum, i, n. 
(at hand), be at hand, adsum, 

esse, adfui, adfuturus. 
at least, certe. 
at length, tandem, 
at once, statim. 

Athenian, Atheniensis, e (adj.). 
Athenians, Athenienses, ium. 
Athens, Athenae, arum, f. 
attack, impetus, us, m. 
attack, adorior, iri, ortus sum. 
attack, assault (a town), op- 

pugno, are, avi, atus. 
attain, assequor, i, secutus 

sUm. 
attempt, conor, ari, atus sum. 
attend, accompany, comitor, ari, 

atus sum. 
attend.be present at, adsum, esse, 

adfui, adfuturus, with the 

dat. 
Atticus, Atticus, i, m. 



author (of a book), scriptor, oris, 

m. 
authority, auctoritas, atis, f. 
avarice, avaritia, ae, f. 
avenue, avenue of approach, adi- 

tus, us, m. 
away, be distant, absum, esse, 

afui, afuturus, 

B 

bad, malus, a, um. 
band, manus, us, f. 
band together, conjungo, ere, 

junxi, junctus, with the 

reflexive pronoun, 
bane, pestis, is, f. 
baneful, capitalis, e. 
banish, expello, ere, puli, pulsus. 
battle, pugna, ae, f. 
be, sum, esse, fui, futurus. 
bear, fero, ferre, tuli, latus. 
bear in mind, memini, isse, 

with gen. of the person, 
beautiful, pulcher, chra, chrum. 
because, quod ; quia ; cum. 
become, fio, fieri, factus sum. 
before, in the presence of, apud, 

prep, with ace. 
before, a,nte ; antea, adv. 
before, antequam, priusquam, 

conj. 
beg, oro, are, avi, atus. 
begin, coepi, coepisse ; when 

governing a pass. inf. the 

perf. ind. is regularly coep- 

tus est. 
begin (a thing), instituo, ere, 

ui, utus. 
behalf, in behalf of, pro, prep, with 

abb 
behold, aspicio, ere, spexi, 

spectus. 
believe, credo, ere, credidi, 

creditus. 
beneficence, beneficentia, ae, f. 



144 



Latin Composition. 



bestow, tribuo, ere, ui, utus. 

betray, prodo, ere, prodidi, ditus. 

better, melius. 

between, inter, prep, with ace, 

Bibracte,Bibracte,is, n. 

bill (for a law) , lex, legis, f. 

bitterly, acerbe. 

bitterness, acerbitas, atis, f. 

blame, culpo, are, avi, atus. 

blessing, commodum, i, n. 

blind, caecus, a, urn. 

block, obstruct, obstruo, ere, 

struxi, structus. 
blood, sanguis, inis, m. 
bloodshed, caedes, is, f. 
boast, make a boast, glorior, ari, 

atus sum. 
body, corpus, oris, n. 
book, liber, libri, m. 
borders, fines, ium, m. 
born, be born, nascor, i, natus 

sum. 
born, natus, a, um. 
both . . . and, et . . . et. 
both, each, uterque, utraque, 

utrumque. 
boundary, finis, is, m. 
boy, puer, eri, m. 
branch (of learning) , ars, artis, f. 
brave, fortis, e. 
bravery, fortitudo, inis, f. 
break down, rescindo, ere, scidi, 

scissus. 
bridge, pons, pontis, m. 
bring, affero, ferre, attuli, alla- 

tus. 
bring back word, refero, ferre, 

tuli, latus. 
bring (to trial), adduco, ere, 

duxi, ductus. 
bring under, redigo, ere, egi, 

actus, 
broad, latus, a, um. 
bronzes, aera, um, n. (pi. of aes, 

aeris) . 
brother, f rater, tris, m. 



brushwood, virgulta, orum, n. 
build, struo, ere, struxi, structus. 
burden, onus, eris, n. 
burden, onero, are, avi, atus. 
burn (tr.), comburo, ere, ussi, 

ustus. 
but (if strongly adversative) , sed. 
but (denoting transition), au- 

tem, post-positive, 
but if, sin. 
buy, emo, ere, emi, emptus. 
by (of personal agent) , a, ab, prep, 
with abl. 
by no means, minim e. 



Caecilius, Caecilius, i, m. 

Caesar, Caesar, is, m. 

call, name, appello, are, avi, 

atus. 
call, summon, voco, are, avi, 

atus. 
call together, convoco, are, 

avi, atus. 
camp, castra, orum, n. 
Campania, Campania, ae, f. 
can, be able, possum, posse, 

potul. 
capital charge (with verbs ot 

judicial action) , caput, itis, 

n., lit. head. 
Capitoline, Capitolium, i, n. 
captive, captivus, i, m. 
capture, capio, ere, cepi, captus. 
Capua, Capua, ae, f. 
care, cura, ae, f. 

care, take care, euro, are, avi, 

atus. 
careless, neglegens, entis. 
carry, porto, are, avi, atus. 
Carthage, Carthago, inis, f. 
Carthaginian, Carthaginiensis, e. 
case, causa, ae, f. 
Catiline, Catillna, ae, f. 
Cato, Cato, onis, m. 



Genei'al Vocabulary. 



145 



Cato the Elder, Cato Major. 

cause, causa, ae, f. 

cavalry, equites, um, m. pi. ; equi- 
tatus, us, m. 

cease, desisto, ere, destiti. 

celebrate, celebro, are, avi, atus. 

Ceres, Ceres, eris, f. 

certain, certain one, quldam, quae- 
dam, quiddam or quod- 
dam. 

chance, by chance, forte. 

change (of affairs), res novae, 
rerum novarum, f. 

character, nature, natura, ae, f. 
character, acquired character, 

mores, um, m. 
character, native worth, indo- 
les, is, f. 

characteristic of, proprius, a, um. 

charge, accusation, crimen, inis, n. 

charge, be in charge, praesum, 
esse, fui, construed with dat. 
charge, put in charge, prae- 
ficio, ere, feci, fectus, con- 
strued with dat. 

cheat, cheat out of, fraudo, are, 
avi, atus. 

check, contineo, ere, ui, tentus. 

cherish, colo, ere, colui, cultus. 

chief, princeps, ipis, m. 

children, liberi, orum, m. 

choose, deligo, ere, legi, lectus. 

Chrysogonus, Chrysogonus, i, m. 

Cicero, Cicero, onis, m. 

Cimon, Cimon, onis, m. 

Cincinnatus, Cincinnatus, i, m. 

circumstance, res, ei, f. 

cis-Alpine, cisalpinus, a, um. 

citadel, arx, arcis, f. 

citizen, fellow-citizen, civis, is, m. 

city, urbs, urbis, f. 

civil, civilis, e. 

clearly hear, exaudio, ire, ivi, 
itus. 

climb over, transcendo, ere, 
scendi. 



close, claudo, ere, clausi, clau- 

sus. 
cohort, cohors, rtis, f. 
collect, colligo, ere, legi, lectus. 
colony, colonia, ae, f. 
come, venio, ire, veni, ventum. 
come down, descendo, ere, 

scendi; followed by de 

with abl. 
come up, arrive, advenio, ire, 

veni, ventum. 
comedian, comoedus, i, m. 
commander, dux, ducis, m.; im- 

perator, oris, m. 
absolute commander, summus 

imperator. 
common, communis, e. 

common people, vulgus, i, n. 
commonwealth, res publica, rei 

publicae, f. 
complain, queror, i, questus sum. 
complete, perficio, ere, feci, 

fectus. 
completely, plane. 
concern, it concerns, interest, 

esse, fuit; refert, ferre, 

retulit, impersonal, 
concerning, de, prep, with abl. 
condemn, condemno, are, avi, 

atus. 
conduct, escort, deduco, ere, duxi, 

ductus. 
conduct, manage, gero, ere, 

gessi, gestus. 
confer, defero, ferre, tuli, latus, 

with the dat. of the person 

on whom. 
confess, confiteor, eri, fessus sum. 
confidence, trustworthiness, fides, 

ei, f. 
confidence, expectation, fidu- 

cia, ae, f. 
confident, confidens, entis. 
congratulate, gratulor, ari, atus 

sum, with the dat. 
conquer, vinco, ere, vici, victus. 



146 



Latin Composition. 



consider, regard, puto, are, avi, 

atus; existimo, are, avi, 

atus. 
conspiracy, conjuratio, onis, f. 
conspirators, conjurati, orum, m. 
consul, consul, is, m. 
consulship, consulates, us, m. 
consult, consulo, ere, ui, sultus, 

with the ace. 
consult for, consulo, ere, ui, 

sultus, with the dat. 
contemporary, aequalis, is, m. 
contented, contentus, a, urn, 
contrary to, contra, prep, with ace. 
convict, condemno, are, avi, atus. 
Corinth, Corinthus, i, f. 
Corioli, Corioli, orum, m. 
Cornelia, Cornelia, ae, f. 
correctly, recte. 
country, native country, patria, 

ae, f. 
country (as opposed to the city) , 

rus, ruris, n. 
courage, animus, i, m. 
courageously, fortiter. 
court, judicium, i, n. 
cover (figuratively), cumulo, are, 

avi, atus. 
cowardice, ignavia, ae, f. 
Crassus, Crassus, i, m. 
crime, scelus, eris, n. 
cross, crux, crucis, f. 
cross, transeo, ire, ii, iturus. 
crowds, in crowds, frequens, entis. 
crucify, ad crucem ago, ere, egi, 

actus. 
cruel, crudelis, e. 
cruelty, crudelitas, atis, f. 
crush, opprimo, ere, pressi, pres- 

sus. 
cry (of distress), ploratus, us, m. 
cultivate, colo, ere, colui, cul- 

tus. 
Cumae, Cumae, arum, f. 
Curius, Curius, i, m. 
custom, mos, moris, m. 



cut off, intercludo, ere, clusi, 

clusus. 
cut to pieces, occido, ere, cidi, 

cisus. 
Cyrus, Cyrus, i, in. 

D 

damage, loss, detrimentum, i, n. 
do damage, noceo, ere, ui, 

iturus. 
danger, periculum, i, n. 
Danube, Danuvius, i, m. 
dare, audeo, ere, ausus sum, 

semi-dep. 
Darius, Darius, i, m. 
daughter, filia, ae, f. 
day, dies, ei, m. 
dead, mortuus, a, um. 
deadly, capitalis, e. 
dear, carus, a, um. 
death, mors, mortis, f. 

to death, with verbs of con- 
demning, capite (caput, 

itis, n.). 
decide, constituo, ere, ui, utus. 
decide upon, constituo, ere, 

ui, utus, with ace. 
decision, judicium, i, n. 
declare, declaro, are, avi, atus. 
declare (of war), indico, ere, 

dixi, dictus. 
decree, decerno, ere, crevi, 

cretus. 
deed, factum, i, n. 
deep, altus, a, um. 
deeply, penitus. 
defence, defensio, onis, f. 
defend, defendo, ere, fendi, 

fensus. 
deliberate, delibero, are, avi, atus. 
delight, comfort, oblectamentum, 

i, n. 
delight, delecto, are, avi, atus. 
deliver (a speech), habeo, ere, ui, 

itus. 



General Vocabulary. 



H7 



deliver from, libero, are, avi, 

atus. 
Delos, Delos, I, f. 
demand, posco, ere, poposci; 

postulo, are, avi, atus. 
demand restitution, res repeto, 

ere, ivi (-ii) , itus. 
Demosthenes, Demosthenes, is, 

m. 
deny, nego, are, avi, atus. 
departure, decCSSUS, US, m. 
depend, nitor, I, nlsus or nixus 

sum. 
deprive, privo, are, avi, atus. 
descended from, natus, a, um; 

ortus, a, um. 
desert, desero, ere, serui, sertus. 
desire, wish, opto, are, avi, 

atus. 
desire, eagerness, cupiditas, atis.f. 
despair of, despero, are, avi, atus, 

with the ace. 
despise, contemno, ere, tempsi, 

temptus. 
destroy, deled, ere, evi, etus. 
destruction, exitium, I, n. 
deter, deterreo, ere, ui, itus. 
devote, devote one's self to some- 
thing, dedo, ere, dedidi, 

deditus, with the reflexive 

pronoun. 
Diana, Diana, ae, f. 
dictator, dictator, oris, m. 
die, a die, alea, ae, f. 
die, morior, mori, mortuus sum. 
difficult, diflicilis, e. 
difficulty, difficultas, atis, f. 
dig (a trench), duco, ere, duxi, 

ductus, lit. lead, run. 
diligence, diligentia, ae, f. 
diligently, diligenter. 
disadvantage, incommodum, i, n. 
disagree, dissentio, ire, sensi. 
disaster, clades, is, f. 
discipline, disciplina, ae, f. 
discourse, words, oratio, onis. 



discover, invenio, ire, veni, 

ventus. 
discuss, dispute, are, avi, atus. 
dishonor, ignominia afficio, ere, 

feci, fectus, lit. affect with 

disho77or. 
disregard, contemno, ere, tempsi, 

temptus. 
dissolute, libidinosus, a, um. 
distant, be distant, absum, esse, 

afui, afuturus. 
distinguished, insignis, e. 
distribute, distribuo, ere, ui, utus. 
ditch, fossa, ae, f. 
divine, divinus, a, um. 
do, facio, ere, feci, factus. 
(doubt), there is no doubt, non 

dubium est. 
doubt, dubito, are, avi, atus. 
doubtful, dubius, a, um. 
draw on, lure on, traho, ere, 

traxi, tractus. 
drive, drive away, expello, ere, 

puli, pulsus. 
Duilius, Duilius, i, m. 
during, per, prep, with ace. 
duty, officium, i, n. 
dwell in (figuratively), insum, in- 

esse, infui, construed with 

in and the abl. 



E 

each, quisque, quaeque, quid- 
que. 

each (of two), uterque, utra- 

que, utrumque. 
each other, sui, sibi, se. 
eager, eager for, cupidus, a, um, 

with the gen. 
eagerly, acriter. 
eagerness, zeal, studium, i, n. ; 

cupiditas, atis, f. 
earlier, citius. 
earnestly, vehementer. 
easily, facile. 



148 



Latin Composition. 



easy, facilis, e. 

easy, comfortable, mollis, e. 
eclipse, defectio, onis, f. 
eighth, octavus, a, um. 
eighty, octpginta. 
either ... or, aut . . . aut if the 

two alternatives exclude 

each other; otherwise vel 

. . . vel. 
either, either one (of two) , uter- 

vis, utravis, utrmnvls. 
eldest, maximus, maximus natu. 
elect, creo, are, avi, atus. 
election, comitia, orum, n. 
elevated, excelsus, a, um. 
eloquence, eloquentia, ae, f. 
eloquent, eloquens, entis. 
else, alius, a, ud. 
embankment, agger, eris, m. 
embark, navem ascendo, ere, 

endi. 
embassador, legatus, l, m. 
embezzlement, peculatus, us, m. 
empty, inanis, e. 
(end), at the end of, extremus, a, 

um, with a substantive, 
end, finio, ire, ivi, itus. 
endeavor (that) , laboro, are, avi, 

atus. 
enemy (in military sense) , hostis, 

is, c. ; (collectively), hostes, 

ium, m. 
personal enemy, inimicus, i, m. 
energy, virtus, Utis, f. 
enjoin, praecipio, ere, cepi, cep- 

tus, construed with dat. of 

the person, 
enjoy, fruor, i, fruiturus. 
Ennius, Ennius, i, m. 
enter, ingredior, i, gressus sum. 

enter into, ineo, ire, ii, itus. 
entertain (sentiments) , sentio, ire, 

sensi, sensus, lit. think. 
entire, totus, a, um. 
entitle, inscribo, ere, scripsi, 

scriptus. 



entreat, obsecro, are, avi, atus. 
enumerate, enumero, are, avi, 

atus. 
envoy, legatus, i, m. 
envy, invideo, ere, vidi, visus, 

with dat. 
equal, par, paris. 
error, error, oris, m. 
escape, get away (intrans.), evado, 

ere, vasi, vasum. 
escape something, effugio, ere, 

fugi, fugiturus. 
especially, praecipue. 
established, it is clearly established, 

constat, are, constitit, im- 
personal. 
Etruria, Etruria, ae, f. 
Etruscans, Etrusci, orum, m. 
even, etiam. 

not even, ne . . . quidem, with 

the emphatic word or phrase 

between, 
ever, unquam. 

ever, always, semper. 
every, omnis, e. 
evidence, indicia, orum, plu. of 

indicium, i, n. 
evil, malus, a, um. 
exceed, antecello, ere, with dat. 

of the person, 
excellent, egregius, a, um. 
except, nisi. 

exceptional, singularis, e. 
excite, excito, are, avi, atus. 
excuse, excusatio, onis, f. 
exempt, liber, a, um. 
(exhortation) , give exhortation, 

hortor, ari, atus sum. 
exile, exsilium, i, n. 
(expected, supposed, — sooner, 

larger) than expected or 

supposed, opinione, abl. of 

opinio, onis. 
exploits, res gestae, rerum ges- 

tarum, f. 
expose,patefacio,ere,feci,factus. 



General Vocabulary. 



149 



express (an opinion), dico, ere, 

dlxl, dictus. 
extant, be extant, exsto, are. 
extend (thanks), ago, ere, egi, 

actus. 
extol, effero, ferre, extuli, elatus. 
eye, oculus, I, m. 



Fabius, Fabius, I, m. 

fair, pulcher, chra, chrum. 

faith, fides, el, f. 

fall into, incido, ere, incidi, fol- 
lowed by in with ace. 

fall upon, incido, ere, incidi, with 
the dat. 

fame, fama, ae, f. 

family, stock, genus, eris, n. 

famous, clarus, a, um. 

fasten, affigo, ere, fixi, fixus. 

father, pater, patris, m. 

fault, culpa, ae, f. 

favor, beneficium, 1, n. 

favor, faveo, ere, favi, fauturus. 

fear, metus, us, m. 

fear, metuo, ere, ui. 

few, pauci, ae, a. 

field, ager, agri, m. 

fifteen, quindecim. 

fifty, quinquaginta. 

fight, pugno, are, avi, atum. 

fill, compleo, ere, evi, etus. 

filled, completus, a, um. 

filled, crowded full of, refertus, 
a, um. 

finally, postremo. 

find (by searching), reperio, ire, 
repperi, repertus. 
find, come upon, invenio, ire, 

veni, ventus. 
find out something (by investi- 
gation) , comperio, ire, peri, 
pertus. 
find (good, bad, etc.), utor, i, 
usus sum, with pred. abl. 



find fault with, culpo, are, avi, 
atus. 

finish, finio, ire, ivi, itus. 

fire, ignis, is, m. 

first, primus, a, um. 

first (adv.) , primo. 

fit, idoneus, a, um. 

five, quinque. 

Flaminius, Flaminius, i, m. 

flee, fugio, ere, fugi, fugiturus. 

fleet, classis, is, f. 

flourishing, florens, entis. 

flute, tibia, ae, f. 

foe, inimicus, i, m. 

follow, sequor, i, secutus sum. 

follower, comes, itis, c 

following, the following, hie, haec, 
hoc ; also ille, a, ud. 

folly, stultitia, ae, f. 

food, cibus, i, m. 

foot, pes, pedis, m. 

foot-soldiers, pedites, um, m. 

for, in return for, ob, prep, with 
ace. 

for, in behalf of, pro, prep, with abl. 

forbid, veto, are, ui, itus. 

force, vis, vis, f. 

foresight, prudentia, ae, f. 

foretell, praedico, ere, dixi, 
dictus. 

forget, obliviscor, i, oblitus sum. 

form, make, facio, ere, feci, fac- 
tus. 

former, with reference to the pres- 
ent, superior, us. 
former, with reference to some- 
thing subsequent, prior, us. 
former, the former of two al- 
ready mentioned, ille. 

Formiae, Formiae, arum, f. 

fortification, munitio, onis, f. 

fortify, munio, ire, ivi, itus. 

fortunate, felix, icis. 

fortune, fortuna, ae, f. 

fortune (in sense of property), 
fortunae, arum, f. 



i5o 



Latin Composition. 



forty, quadraginta. 

Forum, Forum, I, n. 

found, condo, ere, didi, ditus. 

foundation, fundamentum, I, n. 

four, quattuor. 

fourteen, quatluordecim, 

free, liber, a, urn. 

freedman, Hbertus, a, um. 

freedom, llbertas, atis, f. 

friend, amicus, I, m. ; arnica, ae, f. 

friendly, amicus, a, um. 

friendship, amlcitia, ae, f. 

frighten, terreo, ere, ui, itus. 

from, a, ab; from, out of, e, ex; 

down from, de, prepositions 

with abl. 
from the vicinity of, a, ab, with 

abl. 
■ from (after verbs of hindering, 

etc.) , quo minus, ne, quin. 
fruit, fructus, us, m. 
full, plenus, a, um. 
Fulvia, Fulvia, ae, f. 
funeral rites, funera, um, n. 
furnish, praebeo, ere, ui, prae- 

bitus. 
furthermore, praeterea. 
fury, furor, oris, m. 

G 

Gades, Gades, ium, f. 

Gaius, Gaius, i, m. ; abbreviated C. 

Gallic, Gallicus, a, um. 

gate, porta, ae, f. 

gather (intrans.), convenio, ire, 

veni, ventum. 
Gaul, a Gaul, Gallus, I, m. 

Gaul, the country, Gallia, ae, f. 
general, dux, ducis, m. 
geometry, geometria, ae, f. 
German, Germanus, a, um. 
Germanicus, Germanicus, i, m. 
Germany, Germania, ae, f. 
get ready (trans.) , comparo, are, 

avi, atus. 



gift, donum, I, n. 

give, do, dare, dedi, datus. 

gladness, laetitia, ae, f. 

glory, gloria, ae, f. 

go, eo, ire, Ivi, itum. 

go away, abeo, Ire, il, iturus. 

go upon, ingredior, I, gressus 
sum. 
god, deus, I, m. 
good, bonus, a, um. 

good, advantage, bonum, I, n. 

goods, property, bona, orum, n. 
Gracchus, Gracchus, I, m. 
grain, frumentum, I, n. 
grandson, nepos, otis, m. 
great, magnus, a, um. 

greatest (of qualities), sum- 
mus, a, um. 
greatly, magnopere. 
Greek, Graecus, a, um. 
grieve, grieve over, doleo, ere, ui, 

iturus. 
(ground) , on the ground that, quod, 
guard, protection, praesidium, I, n. 

guard, a guard, custOS, odis, c. 
guardian, custos, odis, c. 
guide, dux, ducis, c. 
guilt, culpa, ae, f. 
guilty, nocens, entis. 

H 

habit, mos, moris, m. 

half, dlmidium, I. n. 

hand, manus, us, f. 

(hand), on (left) hand, (right) 
hand, etc., parte (abl. of 
pars, partis, f.). 

hand over, trado, ere, didi, ditus. 

Hannibal, Hannibal, is, m. 

happen, be done, flo, fieri, factus 
sum. 
happen, it happens, it befalls, 
accidit, ere, accidit, imper- 
sonal. 

happy, beatus, a, um. 



' General Vocabulary. 



I5i 



hardship, labor, oris, m. 

harm, do harm, noceo, ere, ui, 

iturus, with dat. of indirect 

obj. 
harmless, innoxius, a, um. 
harsh, asper, a, um. 
hateful, odiosus, a, um. 
hatred, odium, I, n. 
haughty, superbus, a, um. 
have, habeo, ere, ui, itus. 
he who, is qui. 
head, caput, itis, n. 
headlong, praeceps, ipitis. 
heap upon, cumulo, are, avi, 

atus ; followed by in with 

ace. 
hear, audio, ire, ivi, itus. 
hear clearly, exaudio. 
heavy, gravis, e. 
heed, give heed, caveo, ere, cavi, 

cauturus. 
help, auxilium, i, n. 
help, juvo, are, juvi, jutus. 
Helvetii, Helvetii, orum, m. 
her, suus, a, um, reflexive. 
Heraclea, Heraclea, ae, f. 
here, hie. 

here, be here, adsum, esse, 

fui, futurus. 
hero, heros, Sis, m. 
Herodotus, Herodotus, i, m. 
high, altus, a, um. 

high (of price), magnus, a,um. 
higher, at a higher price (with 

verbs of valuing, buying, and 

selling), pluris. 
highest (of qualities) , summus, 

a, um. 
highly (with verbs of valuing), 

magni. 
more highly (with verbs of 

valuing, buying, and selling) , 

pluris. 
less highly (with verbs of valu- 

i??g, buying, and selling), 

minoris. 



himself, herself, etc., reflexive, sui, 

sibi, se. 
hinder, impede, impedio, ire, ivi, 

itus. 
his, suus, a, um, reflexive, 
history, historia, ae, f. 

Roman history, res Romanae, 
f. 
hold, teneo, ere, ui. 

hold, regard, habeo, ere, ui, 
itus. 
(home), at home, domi. 

to one's home, domum. 
honest, upright, probus, a, um. 
honey, mel, mellis, n. 
honor, honor, oris, m. 
honor, honoro, are, avi, atus. 
honorable, honestus, a, um. 
hope, spes, ei, f. 
hope, hope for, spero, are, avi, 

atus, with the ace. 
Horace, Horatius, i, m. 
Horatius Codes, Horatius Cocles, 

Horati Coclitis, m. 
horse, equus, i, m. 
horseman, eques, itis, m. 
Hortensius, Hortensius, i, m. 
hostile, inimicus, i, f. 
hour, hora, ae, f. 
house, domus, us, f. 
how, if used to introduce the sen- 
tence as a whole, qui in direct 
questions, ut in indirect ; 
quam, if used to modify an 
adjective or adverb in the 
sentence, 
how great, quantus, a, um. 
how much, quantum, followed 

by gen. of the whole, 
how many, quot, indecl. 
however, autem, post-positive, 
however (much), quamvis. 
humanity, hiimanitas, atis, f. 
hundred, centum. 
hunger, fames, is, f. ; abl. sing. 
fame. 



152 



Latin Composition. 



hurry, contends, ere, tendi, ten- 
tus. 

I 

I, ego, mei. 

idle, iners, ertis. 

if, si, conj. 

ignorant, ignarus, a, um. 

illustrious, illustris, e. 

imbue, imbuo, ere, ui, utus. 

immediately, statim. 

immortal, immortalis, e. 

immortality, immortalitas, atis, 

f. 
impel, impello, ere, impuli, im- 

pulsus. 
imperator, imperator, oris, m. 
impious, impius, a, um. 
implicated in, conscius, a, um, 

with gen. 
importance, dignitas, atis, f. 

of more importance (with verbs 

of valuing) , pluris. 
important, gravis, e. 
impost, vectigal, alis, n. 
in, in, prep, with abl. 
inch, digitus, i, m. 
inclined to think, haud scio an. 
individually, viritim, lit. man by 

man. 
indulge, indulged, ere, dulsi, dul- 

turus. 
indulgence, venia, ae, f. 
infantry, pedites, um, m. 
inflame, incendo, ere, cendi, cen- 
sus. 
inform, certiorem facio, ere, feci, 

f actus. 
be informed, certior fio, fieri, 

factus sum. 
inhabitant, incola, ae, m. 
inherit, receive, accipio, ere, cepi, 

ceptus. 
injure, noceo, ere, ui, iturus, with 

the dat., used of persons ; 

laedo, ere, laesi, laesus, 



used of both persons and 

things, 
injurious, be injurious, noceo, ere, 

ui, iturus. 
injury, injuria, ae, f. 

injury, do injury, noceo, ere, 

ui, iturus. 
inscription, titulus, i, m. 
inspire, inicio, ere, injeci, injec- 

tus, with ace. of direct object 

and dat. of indirect, 
insult, contumelia, ae, f. 
intention, consilium, i, n. 
interdict, interdico, ere, dixi, dic- 

tus. 
interests, have interests, studeo, 

ere, ui, with the ace. of neut. 

pron. or adj. 
interval, intervallum, i, n. 
into, in, prep, with ace. 
introduce (of a bill), fero, ferre, 

tuli, latus. 
invite, invito, are, avi, atus. 
island, insula, ae, f. 
Italy, Italia, ae, f. 



Janus, Janus, i, m. 

join, jungo, ere, junxi, junctus. 

joy, gaudium, i, n. 

judge, judex, icis, m. 

judge, judico, are, avi, atus. 

Jugurtha, Jugurtha, ae, m. 

Julius Caesar, Julius Caesar, Juli 

Caesaris, m. 
jump down, desilio, ire, ui. 
jump over, transilio, ire, ui. 
Jupiter, Juppiter, Jovis, m. 
just, just now, modo. 
justice, justitia, ae, f. 
justly, jure. 

K 

Kalends, Kalendae, arum, f. 
keen, acer, cris, e. 



General Vocabulary. 



153 



keenly, acriter. 

keep, keep in, confine, teneo, ere, 
ui. 
keep away, ward off, arceo, 

ere, ui. 
keep, preserve, servo, are, avi, 

atus. 
keep from, keep away from 
(tr.), pronibeo, ere, ui, 
itus. 
kill, occido, ere, cidi, cisus. 
kind, genus, eris, n. 
kindness (the quality), benignitas, 
atis, f. 
kindness, a kindness, benefi- 
cium, i, n. 
king, rex, regis, m. 
kingdom, regnum, i, n. 
knight, eques, itis, m. 
know, scio, ire, ivi, itus. 

not know, nescio, ire, ii. 
knowledge, scientia, ae, f. 



Labienus, Labienus, i, m. 
labor, labor, oris, m. 
Lacedaemonians, Lacedaemonii, 

orum, m. 
lack, careo, ere, ui, iturus. 
Laelius, Laelius, i, m. 
land, ager, agri, m. 

land, as opposed to the water, 
terra, ae, f. 
large, magnus, a, urn. 
last, final, ultimus, a, um. 

last, previous, proximus, a, um. 
last, continue, duro, are, avi, atus. 
latter, the latter of two already 

mentioned, bic, baec, boc. 
laugh, laugh at, rideo, ere, risi, 

risum. 
laughter, risus, us, m. 
law, the law, jus, juris, n. 

law, statute, lex, legis, f. 

civil law, jus civile. 



law-court, basilica, ae, f. 

lay (foundations), jacio, ere, jeci, 

j actus. 
lead, duco, ere, duxi, ductus. 
lead, lead out, lead away, de- 

duco, ere, duxi, ductus, 
lead across, traduco, ere, duxi, 

ductus. 
leader, dux, ducis, c. 
learn (by study), disco, ere, di- 

dici. 
learn, find out, comperio, ire, 

peri, pertus. 
leave, relinquo, ere, liqui, lictus. 
left, sinister, tra, trum. 
legion, legio, onis, f. 
lend (help), fero, ferre, tuli, 

latus. 
lenient, clemens, entis. 
Lentulus, Lentulus, i, m. 
less, minus. 
lest, ne. 
letter, litterae, arum, f. ; or 

epistula, ae, f. 
letters, literature, litterae, arum, f. 
levy, delectus, us, m. 
liberal, generous, largus, a, um. 

liberal (of pursuits) , liberalis, e. 
liberty, libertas, atis, f. 
lieutenant, legatus, i, m. 
life, vita, ae, f. 
like, similis, e. 
likewise, expressed by idem, in 

agreement with subject, 
linger, moror, ari, atus sum. 
listen, listen to, audio, ire, ivi, 

itus, with ace. 
literature, litterae, arum, f. 
little, a little, paulum, with gen. of 

the whole, 
very little, paullulum, with gen. 
little while ago, paulo ante. 
live, vivo, ere, vixi, victum. 
live, dwell, habito, are, avi, 

atus. 
lofty, altus, a, um ; sublimis, e. 



154 



Latin Composition. 



long, longus, a, urn. 

long, diu, adv. 

longing, desiderium, I, n. 

lose, amitto, ere, misi, missus, 
the general word ; perdo, 
ere, perdidi, itus, where the 
responsibility of the subj. is 
implied, 
be lost, pereo, Ire, ii, iturus. 

loss, pecuniary loss, damnum, I, n. 

lot, sors, sortis, f. 

love, amor, oris, m. 

love, amo, are, avi, atus. 

low (of price) , parvus, a, um. 

loyal, fidelis, e. 

Lucius, Lucius, I, m. 

luckless, Infelix, icis, m. 

lust, libido, inis, f. 

M 

magistrate, magistratus, us, m. 

make, facio, ere, feci, factus. 
make (a levy) , liabeo, ere, ui, 

itus. 
make answer, respondeo, ere, 

spondi, sponsus. 
make demand, postulo, are, 

avi, atus. 
make (somebody or something 
safe, bold, clear, etc.) , reddo, 
ere, reddidi, redditus. 

male, of male sex, virile secus. 

man, homo, inis, m., the general 
term ; man as opposed to 
woman, or as a compliment- 
ary designation, vir, viri, m. 

Manilius, Manilius, I, m. 

Manlius, Manlius, i, m. 

many, multi, ae, a. 

(Marathon), of Marathon, Mara- 
thonius, a, um. 

(March), of March, Martius, a, 
um. 

march out, egredior, i, gressus 
sum. 



Marcius, Marcius, i, m. 

Marius, Marius, i, m. 

Mars, Mars, tis, m. 

master, owner, dominus, i, m. 

may, licet, ere, licuit, with the 
subjunctive. 

mean, volo, velle, volui, with dat. 
of the reflexive. 

means, methods, rationes, um, f. 

meditate, meditor, ari, atus 
sum. 

meet (trans.), convenio, ire, veni, 
ventus. 
meet with (something), in- 
curro, ere, curri, cursu- 
rus, with in and the ace. 

memory, memoria, ae, f. 

mention, make mention, memini, 
isse, with gen. of person. 

merit, virtus, utis, f. 

messenger, nuntius, l, m. 

Metellus, Metellus, I, m. 

midst, midst of, medius, a, um. 

mile, mille passuum, lit. thou- 
sand paces ; pi. milia pas- 
suum. 

military service, militia, ae, f. 

Miltiades, Miltiades, is, m. 

mind, mens, mentis, f. 

mindful, memor, oris. 

mingle, mix, misceo, ere, ui, mix- 
tus. 

minutely, accurate. 

mischief, malum, I, n. 

misfortune, malum, I, n. 

miss, requiro, ere, quisivi, qui- 
situs. 

mistake, make a mistake, pecco, 
are, avi, atum. 

money, pecunia, ae, f. 

moon, luna, ae, f. 

month, mensis, is, m. 

morals, mores, um, m. 

more, magis, adv. 

more, plus, pluris, n., substan- 
tive. 



General Vocabulary. 



155 



of more importance (with verbs 
of reckoning, valuing, etc.), 
pluris (gen.). 

most, plerique, aeque, aque. 

mother, mater, matris, f. 

move, moveo, ere, movi, motus. 

much, multus, a, um ; adverb- 
ially, multum. 

multitude, multitudo, inis, f. 

Mulvian, Mulvius, a, um. 

murder, caedes, is, f. 

murder, occido, ere, cidl, cisus. 

Mutina, Mutina, ae, f. 

mutiny, seditio, onis, f. 

my, mens, a, um. 

N 

name, nomen, inis, n. 

nation, gens, gentis, f. ; natio, 

onis, f. 
naval, navalis, e. 
near (with town-names), ad, prep. 

with ace. 
near, prope, adv. 
nearer, propius. 
nearly, prope. 
necessary, it is necessary, necesse 

est. 
need, there is need, opus est. 
need, feel need, egeo, ere, ui; 

indigeo, ere, ui. 
neglect, neglego, ere, lexi, lec- 

tus. 
neighbor, vicinus, i, m. 
neighborhood, in the neighborhood 

of, ad, prep, with ace. 
neither . . . nor, neque . . . neque ; 

nee . . . nee. 
Nestor, Nestor, oris, m. 
never, numquam. 
nevertheless, tamen. 
new, novus, a, um. 
news, as gen. of the whole, novi. 
night, nox, noctis, f. 
no, nullus, a, um. 



no, with adjectives used sub- 
stantively, nemo (defective), 
no one, nemo (defective), 
noble, nobilis, e. 
nor, neque or nee. 
not, non, ne. 

(not) , is not ? does not ? etc., 

nonne. 
not even, ne . . . quidem, with 
the emphatic word between. 
not only . . . but also, non 

solum . . . sed etiam. 
not that, non quo. 
not yet, nondum. 
nothing, nihil. 
November, of November, Novem- 

bris, e. 
now, already, jam. 
now, at the present time, nunc. 
Numa, Numae, m. 
number, numerus, i, m. 

(numbers), in numbers, fre- 
quens, entis. 

O 

O, 0, interjection, 
obey, pareo, ere, ui, iturus. 
obtain, potior, iri, itus sum. 
occupy, occupo, are, avi, atus. 
of, from, a, ab, prep, with abl. 

of, concerning, de, prep, with 
abl. 

of (partitive), e, ex. 
offer, do, dare, dedi, datus. 

offer battle, proelio lacesso, 
ere, lacessivi, lacessitus ; 
lit. worry by battle. 
often, saepe. 
old, vetus, eris. 

old, the old, senes, um, m. 

old age, senectus, utis, f. 

old man, senex, senis, m. 
oldest, maximus, a, um, with or 

without natu. 
on, in, prep, with abl. 



156 



Latin Composition. 



on, against, in, prep, with 

ace. 
once, once upon a time, quondam, 
one, unus, a, urn. 

one, the one who, is qui. 

one . . . another, alius . . . 

alius. 
the one . . . the other, alter . . . 

alter. 
one's own, suus, a, um. 
only, tantum. 

only one, unus, a, um. 
onset, impetus, us, m. 
open, aperio, ire, ui, ertus. 
open, apertus, a, um. 
openly, aperte. 
opinion, deliberate judgment, sen- 

tentia, ae, f. 
opportunity, facultas, atis, f. 
oppose, offer resistance, resisto, 

ere, restiti, with the dat. 
or, aut ; vel. 

or, in second member of a 

double question, an or -ne. 
orator, orator, oris, m. 
oratory, eloquentia, ae, f. 
ordain, decerno, ere, crevi. 
order, jubeo, ere, jussi, jussus. 
order, at the order, jussu. 
organize, constituo, ere, ui, 

utus. 
originator, inventor, oris, m. ; in- 

ventrix, icis, f. 
other, another, alius, a, ud. 
other, the other, alter, a, um. 
others, all the others, ceteri, 

ae, a. 
ought, it behooves, oportet, ere, 

oportuit. 
our, our own, noster, tra, trum. 
overthrow, everto, ere, verti, ver- 
sus. 
overwhelm, opprimo, ere, pressi, 

pressus. 
owe, debeo, ere, ui, itus. 



pain, dolor, oris, m. 
painter, pictor, oris, m. 
palace, regia, ae, f. 
Palatine Hill, Palatium, i, n. 
Panurgus, Panurgus, i, m. 
parent, parens, entis, m. 
Paros, Paros, i, f. 
part, pars, partis, f. 
pass, passes, angustiae, arum, f. 
pass, spend, dego, ere, degi. 
pass over, omitto, ere, misi, 

missus. 
passion, libido, inis, f. 
patrician, patricius, a, um. 
Pausanias, Pausanias, ae, m. 
pay, stipendium, i, n. 
pay, solvo, ere, solvi, solutus. 
peace, pax, pacis, f. 
people, populus, i, m. 
perceive, sentio, ire, sensi, sen- 

sus. 
perform, fungor, i, functus sum. 
perhaps, fortasse. 
period of life, aetas, atis, f. 
perish, pereo, ire, ii, iturus. 
permanent, stable, stabilis, e. 
permit, sino, ere, sivi, situs. 
Persians, Persae, arum, m. pi. 
persuade, persuadeo, ere, suasi, 

suasum. 
Philippi, Philippi, orum, m. 
philosopher, philosophus, i, m. 
philosophy, philosophia, ae, f. 
piety, pietas, atis, f. 
piously, pie. 
pirate, pirata, ae, m. 

leader of the pirates, archipi- 

rata, ae, m. 
pitch, pono, ere, posui, itus. 
pity, misericordia, ae, f. 
pity, it excites pity, miseret, mise- 
rere, miseruit, impersonal ; 

also misereor, eri, itus 

sum. 



Geiieral Vocabulary. 



157 



place, locus, 1, m. 

to some place, aliquo. 

place in charge, in command over, 
praeficio, ere, feci, fectus, 
with the dat. of indirect obj. 

plan, consilium, i, n. 

Plato, Plato, onis, m. 

play, ludo, ere, lusi, lusum. 

pleasant, jucundus, a, um. 

please, it pleases, placet, ere, pla- 
cuit, or placitum est, with 
the dat. 

pleasure, voluptas, atis, f. 

plebs, plebs, is, f. 

pledge, fides, el, f. 

plot, plan, molior, iri, itus sum. 

plots, insidiae, arum, f. 

plough, aro, are, avi, atus. 

plunder, spolio, are, avi, atus. 

poet, poeta, ae, m. 

Pompey, Pompejus, i, m. 

poor, pauper, eris. 

populace, vulgus, i, n. 

posterity, posteri, orum, m. 

power, potentia, ae, f., the general 
term; potestas, atis, f., de- 
notes the power that is vested 
in an official, 
absolute power, summa potes- 
tas. 

powerful, potens, entis, m. 

practical wisdom, prudentia, ae, f. 

practise, exerceo, ere, ui, itus. 

praetor, praetor, oris, m. 

praise, laus, laudis, f. 

praise, laudo, are, avi, atus. 

praiseworthy, laudabilis, e. 

preferable, potior, us. 

premature, praematurus, a, um. 

prepare, prepare for, paro, are, 
avi, atus, with ace. 

present, be present, adsum, esse, 
fui, futurus. 

prevail, valeo, ere, valui. 

prevent, prohibeo, ere, ui, itus. 

previous, superior, us. 



previously, before, ante, adv. 
priestly office, sacerdotium, 1, m. 
prison, career, is, m. 
prisoner, defendant in a suit, reus, 

i, m. 
private, privatus, a um. 
prize, aestimo, are, avi, atus. 
prize, praemium, i, n. 
produce, produco, ere, duxi, 

ductus. 
production, opus, eris, n. 
project, consilium, i, n. 
promise, promitto, ere, misi, 

missus, polliceor,eri,itus 

sum. 
property, bona, orum, n. 
pro-praetor, pro praetore, inde- 
clinable, 
proscribe, proscribo, ere, scripsi, 

scriptus. 
prosperous, of things, prosper, a, 

um ; of persons, felix, icis. 
protect, tueor, eri. 
provide, provide for, euro, are, avi, 

atus. 
provided, provided that, dum ; 

provided only, dum modo. 
province, provincia, ae, f. 
provincials, socii, orum, m. 
public, publicus, a, um. 
publish, edo, ere, edidi, editus. 
Publius Africanus, Publius Afri- 

canus, i, m. 
Punic, Punicus, a, um. 
pupil, discipulus, i, m. 
pursue, sequor, i, secutus sum. 
pursuit, studium, i, n. 
put to confusion, perturbo, are, 

avi, atus. 
put to death, neco, are, avi, atus. 
put to flight, fugo, are, avi, atus. 
Pyrrhus, Pyrrhus, i, m. 

Q 
quaestor, quaestor, oris, m. 
queen, regina, ae, f. 



1 58 



Latin Composition. 



quell, sedo, are, avi, atus. 
quickly, celeriter. 
Quintus, Quintus, I, m. 
Quirites, Quirites, ium, m. 

R 

raise (a mound), exstruo, ere, 

struxi, structus. 
ravage, populor, ari, atus sum. 
read, lego, ere, legi, lectus. 
read (aloud), recito, are, avi, 

atus. 
reap, percipio, ere, cepi, ceptus. 
rear, novissimum agmen (agmi- 

nis) , n. 
reason, causa, ae, f. 
recall, revoco, are, avi, atus. 

recall to mind, memini, isse. 
receive, accipio, ere, cepi, cep- 
tus. 
recent, recens, entis. 
reckon, aestimo, are, avi, atus. 
recollection, memoria, ae, f. 
recount, enumero, are, avi, atus. 
recover, recupero, are, avi, atus. 
regal power, regnum, i, n. 
regard, consideration, ratio, onis, f. 
regard, existimo, are, avi, atus. 
regret, it causes regret, paenitet, 

ere, uit, impersonal. 
Regulus, Regulus, i, n. 
reign, regnum, i, n. 
rejoice, gaudeo, ere, gavisus 

sum. 
relax, remitto, ere, misi, missus. 
relieve, levo, are, avi, atus. 

relieve, free from, libero, are, 

avi, atus. 
religion, religio, onis, f. 
relying, fretus, a, um. 
remain, maneo, ere, mansi, 

mansurus. 
remaining, reliquus, a, um. 
remember, bear in mind, memini, 

isse; reminiscor, i, sup- 



plies the pres. partic. of 

memini. 
remembrance, memoria, ae, f. 
remind, admoneo, ere, ui, itus. 
Remus, Kemus, i, m. 
repent, it repents, paenitet, ere, 

uit, impersonal, 
reply, respondeo, ere, respondi, 

responsus. 
represent, in a work of art, fingo, 

ere, finxi, fictus; other- 
wise, facio, ere, feci, fac- 

tus. 
republic, res publica, rei publi- 

cae, f. 
reputation, fama, ae, f. 
resist, resisto, ere, restiti, with 

dat. 
respect, vereor, eri, veritus sum. 
rest, the rest, ceteri, ae, a. 
restitution, demand restitution, res 

repeto, ere, petivi, petitus. 
restore, reddo, ere, reddidi, red- 

ditus. 
restrain, coerceo, ere, ui, itus. 
restrain from, arceo, ere, ui, 

with a (ab) and the abl. 

of moral qualities, 
retain, retineo, ere, ui, tentus. 
retinue, comitatus, us, m. 
retreat, recipio, ere, cepi, ceptus, 

with the reflexive, 
return, reditus, us, m. 
return (intr.), redeo, ire, ii, itum. 
return, give back, reddo, ere, red- 
didi, redditus. 
reveal, patefacio, ere, feci.f actus. 
revolution, res novae, rerum 

no varum, f. 
reward, munus, eris, n. 
reward, remuneror, ari, atus 

sum. 
Rhea Silvia, Rhea Silvia, ae, f. 
rhetorician, rhetor, oris, m. 
Rhine, Rhenus, i, m. 
Rhodes, Rhodos, i, f. 



General Vocabulary. 



159 



rich, dives, itis. 
ride, vehor, i, vectus sum. 
right, jus, juris, n. 
right, rectus, a, urn. 
ring, anulus, i, m. 
risk, periculum, i, n. 
risk, periclitor, ari, atus sum. 
river, flumen, inis, n. 
Roman, Romanus, a, um. 
Rome, Roma, ae, f. 
Romulus, Romulus, i, m. 
Roscius, Roscius, i, m. 
Rostra, Rostra, orum, n. 
rouse, excito, are, avi, atus. 
rout, fugo, are, avi, atus. 
rower, remex, igis, m. 



sacred, sacer, era, crum. 
sad, maestus, a, um. 
safe, salvus, a, um. 

safe and sound, sospes, itis. 
safety, salus, utis, f. 
sailor, nauta, ae, m. 
sake, for the sake, causa (abl.) 

with gen. ; the gen. always 

precedes, 
sally, make a sally, erumpo, ere, 

rupi. ruptus. 
salute, saluto, are, avi, atus. 
same, idem, eadem, idem. 

at same time with, simul cum. 
Samnites, Samnites, ium, m. 
satisfy, satis facio, ere, feci, with 

the dat. 
Saturn, Saturnus, i, m. 
save, servo, are, avi, atus. 
say, dico, ere, dixi, dictus. 

said (in direct quotations), 

inquit (perf.) ; always after 

one or more of the quoted 

words. 
Scipio, Scipio, onis, m. 
scout, explorator, oris, m. 
second, secundus, a, um. 



second time, iterum. 
secure, procure, paro, are, avi, 

atus. 
see, video, ere, vidi, visus. 
seek, peto, ere, ivi (ii), itus. 
seem, videor, eri, visus sum. 
shameful, flagitiosus, a, um. 
seize, occupo, are, avi, atus. 
Sejanus, Sej£nus, i, m. 
seldom, raro. 

select, deligo, ere, legi, lectus. 
self, oneself, sui, sibi, se. 

self, i.e. I myself, you yourself, 

etc., ipse in apposition with 

the subject or object, 
sell, vendo, ere, vendidi, venditus. 
Senate, senatus, us, m. 
senator, senator, oris, m. 
send, mitto, ere, misi, missus. 
Sequani, Sequani, orum, m. 
sesterce, sestertius, i, m., Roman 

coin worth about five cents, 
set forth, expono, ere, posui.posi- 

tus. 
set on fire, incendo, ere, cendi, 

census, 
set out, proficisor, i, f ectus sum. 
set up, statuo, ere, ui, utus. 
settle, consido, ere, sedi. 
settler, colonus, i, m. 
seven hundredth, septingentesi- 

mus, a, um. 
seventieth, septuagesimus, a, um. 
severity, severitas, atis. 
Sextus, Sextus, i, m. 
shameful, turpis, e. 
she who, ea quae. 
shelter, tectum, i, n. 
shepherd, pastor, oris, m. 
ship, navis, is, f. 
shout, clamo, are, avi, atus. 
show (oneself), praesto, are, 

praestiti, praestitus. 
shower, imber, imbris, m. 
shudder, shudder at, horreo, ere, 

ui. 



i6o 



L a tin Co mposition . 



Sibyl, Sibylla, ae, f. 

Sicilian, Siculus, a, um. 

Sicily, Sicilia, ae, f. 

siege, obsidio, onis, f. 

sin, peccatum, i, n. 

since (causal) , cum. 

single, one, unus, a, um. 

sister, soror, oris, f. 

situated, is situated, situs est 

(sino, ere, sivi, situs), 
six, sex. 

sixteen, sedecim. 
sixty, sexaginta. 
skill, ars, artis, f. 
skilled in, exercitatus, a, um. 
slaughter, caedes, is, f. 
slave, servus, i, m. 
slavery, ser vitus, utis, f. 
slay, occido, ere, cidi, cisus. 
small, parvus, a, um. 

• of small account, parvi. 
snatch, snatch away, eripio, ere, 

ripui, reptus. 
so (of degree), tarn. 

so, thus (of manner), sic, ita. 
so great, tantus, a, um. 
so many, tot, indeclinable. 
so much, so greatly, tantopere. 
Socrates, Socrates, is, m. 
solace, solacium, i, n. 
solace oneself, oblecto, are, avi, 

atus, with the reflexive pro- 
noun, 
soldier, miles, itis, m. 
some, something, aliquis, aliqua, 

aliquid or aliquod. 
some . . . others, alii . . . alii. 
somehow or other, neseio quo 

pacto. 
son, filius, I, m. 
soon, quickly, cito. 

sooner, citius. 
Sophocles, Sophocles, is, m. 
sorrow, maeror, oris, m. 
sorry, be sorry, it lepents, paenitet, 

ere, uit, impersonal. 



sort, modus, i, m. 
soul, animus, i, m. 
spare, parco, ere, peperci. 
Sparta, Lacedaemon, onis, f. 
Spartan, Lacedaemonius, a, um. 
speak, dico, ere, dixi, dictus. 
speech, oratio, onis, f. 
speed, celeritas, atis, f. 
spend, dego, ere, degi. 
squander, profundo, ere, fudi, 

fusus. 
stain, maculo, are, avi, atus. 
state, civitas, atis, f. 
Stator, Stator, oris, m. 
statue, statua, ae, f. 
statute, a statute, lex, legis, f. 
stay, maneo, ere, mansi, rnansu- 

rus. 
stead, instead, pro, prep, with abl. 
steadfastness, constantia, ae, f. 
still, yet, tamen. 

still (temporal) , adhuc. 
stimulate, excito, are, avi, atus. 
Stoic, Stoicus, a, um. 
stone, lapis, idis, m. 
(story), the story goes, traditur, 

tradi, traditum est, lit. it 

has been handed down. 
stoutly, acriter. 

strength, vires, ium, f. ; pi. of vis. 
strict, severus, a, um. 
strip, exuo, ere, ui, utus. 
strong, validus, a, um. 
study, studium, i, n. 
study, studeo, ere, ui, with the dat. 
subdue, overcome, domo, are, ui, 

itus. 
successfully, feliciter. 
such, talis, e. 
suddenly, subito. 
suffer, patior, i, passus sum. 
suffer from, laboro, are, avi, 

atus. 
sufficient, satis, with the gen. of 

the whole, 
suitable, idoneus, a, um. 






General Vocabulary. 



161 



suited, aptus, a, urn. 
Sulla, Sulla, ae, m. 

of Sulla, Sullanus, a, um, 
summon, voco, are, avi, atus. 
sun, sol, solis, m. 
Superbus, Superbus, I, m. 
sure, to be sure, sane. 
surpass, supero, are, avi, atus. 
surrender (oneself), trado, ere, 

tradidi, traditus. 
surround, circumdo, dare, dedl, 

datus. 
survive, supersum, esse, fill, with 

dat. 
suspicion, suspicio, onis, f. 
sweet, dulcis, e. 
Syracuse, Syracusae, arum, f. 
Syracusah, Syracusanus, a, um. 



Tacitus, Tacitus, 1, m. 

take, carry off, aufero, ferre, ab- 
stuli, ablatus. 
take away, away from, adimo, 

ere, emi, emptus. 
take to, carry to, affero, ferre, 

attull, allatus. 
take possession, possido, ere, 
sedl, sessus. 

Tanaquil, Tanaquil, is, f. 

Tarentum, Tarentum, i, n. 

Tarquinius, Tarquinius, i, m. 

teach, doceo, ere, ui, doctus. 
taught, edoctus. 

teacher, praeceptor, oris, m.: 
praeceptrix, icis, f. 

tear down, diruo, ere, rui, rutus. 

tell, say, dico, ere, dixi, dictus. 

temple, aedes, is, f. ; templum, i, 
n. When used with preci- 
sion aedes refers to the 
building only, while tem- 
plum includes the conse- 
crated area as well. 

ten, decern. 



tenth, decimus, a, um. 
terrify, terreo, ere, ui, territus. 
than, quam, conj. 
thanks, gratiae, arum, f. 
that, is, ea, id; ille, ilia, illud; 
that of yours, iste, ista, 
istud. 
that (rel. pron.), qui, quae, 

quod. 
that, in order that, ut ; qui, quae, 
quod with the subjunctive ; 
with comparatives, quo. 
that, lest, with verbs of fearing, 

ne. 
that not, in order that not, ne. 
that not, with verbs of fearing, 

ut. 
that (of result), ut ; that not, 

ut non. 
that, the fact that, quod, conj. 
that, on the ground that, quod. 
that, after verbs of doubting, 
etc., quin, lit. why ?wt? 
the . . . the (with comparatives), 

quo . . . eo. 
Thebes, Thebae, arum, f. 
theft, furtum, i, n. 
their, their own, suus, a, um. 
Themistocles, Themistocles, is, m. 
then, afterwards, deinde. 

then, accordingly, igitur, post- 
positive, 
thick, crassus, a, um. 
thing, res, rei, f. 

thing, a thing which, id quod, 
or simply quod. 
think, puto, are, avi, atus. 

think, regard, existimo, are, 

avi, atus. 
think, entertain sentiments, sen- 
tio, ire, sensi, sensus. 
third, tertius, a, um. 
this, hie, haec, hoc. 
thoroughly, penitus. 
those (as antecedent of relative), 
ei, eae, ea. 



M 



i6: 



Latin Composition. 



thou, tu, tui. 

though, quamquam, quamvis, 

etsi, cum. 
thought, sententia, ae, f. 
thousand, mille, pi. milia, ium, n. 
threats, minae, arum, f. 
three, tres, tria. 

three times, ter. 
through, through the instrumental- 
ity of, per, prep, with ace. 
throw down, deicio, ere, jeci, jec- 

tus. 
Thucydides, Thucydides, is, m. 
thunderbolt, fulmen, inis, n. 
thwart, transtrum, I, n. 
thwart, obsisto, ere, obstiti, with 

dat. 
Tiberius, Tiberius, i, m. 
Tibur, Tibur, uris, n. 
till, dum, donee, quoad, conj. 
till, up to, ad, prep, with ace. 
time, tempus, oris, n. 

at same time with, simul cum, 

with abl. 
Tissaphernes, Tissaphernes, is, m. 
to, ad, prep, with ace. 

to which, whither, quo, adv. 
toil, labor, oris, m. 
tomb, sepulcrum, i, n. 
(too), and that too, et is, ea, id. 
touch, moveo, ere, movi, motus. 
town, oppidum, i, n. 
tragedy, tragoedia, ae, f. 
traitor, proditor, oris, m. 
transmit, hand on, prodo, ere, 

prodidi, ditus. 
treacherous, perfidus, a, um. 
treachery, perfidia, ae, f. 
treason, proditio, onis, f. 
treat, behave towards, utor, I, 

usus sum. 
trench, fossa, ae, f. 
trial, judicium, I, n. 
tribune, tribunus, i, m. 
trifles, parva, orum, n. 
triumvir, triumvir, i, m. 



Trojan, Trojanus, a, um. 

troops, copiae, arum, f. 

trouble, malum, I, n. 

trouble, vexo, are, avi, atus. 

true, verus, a, um. 

trust, confido, ere, fisus sum, 

semi-dep. 
Tullianum, Tullianum, I. 
Tullus Hostilius, Tullus Hosti- 

lius, i, m. 
tumult, tumultus, us, m. 
Tusculan villa, Tusculanum, 1, n. 
twelve, duodecim. 
twenty, viginti. 
twice, bis. 

two, duo, duae, duo. 
tyrant, tyrannus, I, m. 

U 

uncertain, incertus, a, um. 
undergo, subeo, ire, ii, iturus. 
understand, intellego, ere, lexi, 

lectus. 
undertake, suscipio, ere, cepi, 

ceptus. 
unharmed, incolumis, e. 
unjust, injustus, a, um. 
unless, nisi. 

unless indeed, nisi vero, nisi 

forte. 
unlike, dissimilis, e. 
unmindful, immemor, oris. 
unruly, turbidus, a, um. 
unscrupulous, improbus, a, um. 
until, dum, donee, quoad. 
unwilling, invitus, a, um. 

be unwilling, nolo, nolle, nolui. 
unworthy, indignus, a, um. 
uprightness, probitas, atis, f. 
uprightly, honeste. 
urge, hortor, ari, atus sum. 
us, nos, nostrum, nostri, pi. of 

_ego. 
use, utor, i, usus sum. 
useful, utilis, e. 



General Vocabulary 



163 



useless, inutilis, e. 

utter, dico, ere, dixi, dictus. 

utterly, omnlno. 

V 

valor, virtus, litis, f. 
(value), of more value, pluris. 
value, aestimo, are, avi, atus. 
vanquish, vinco, ere, vici, victus. 
Veneti, Veneti, orum, m. 
(vengeance), take vengeance on, 

uiciscor, i, ultus sum. 
Verres, Verres, is, m. 
versed in, peritus, a, um. 
very, valde. 

with substantives, ipse, a, um. 

with superlatives, vei. 
Vesontio, Vesontio, onis, f. 
vessel, navis, is, f. 
veteran, veteranus, a, um. 
vice, vitium, i, n. 
vicinity, in the vicinity of, ad with 

ace. 
victory, victoria, ae, f. 
vigorous, acer, acris, acre. 
villa, villa, ae, f. 
village, vicus, i, m. 
virtue, virtus, utis, f. 

W 

wage, gero, ere, gessi, gestus. 
wait, exspecto, are, avi, atus. 
walk, ambulo, are, avi. 
wall, murus, i, m. 
wandering, error, oris, m. 
war, bellum, i, n. 
ward off.depello, ere,puli,pulsus. 
(warning) , give a warning, admo- 

neo, ere, ui, itus. 
watch, vigilia, ae, f. 
watchfulness, vigilantia, ae, f. 
water, aqua, ae, f. 
way, manner, modus, i, m. 

way, route, iter, itineris, n. 
weak, debilis, e. 



wealth, divitiae, arum, f. 

wealthy, dives, itis. 

weapons, arma, orum, n. 

weeping, fletus, US, m. 

weight (figuratively), auctoritas, 

atis, f. 
welcome, gratus, a, um. 
well-to-do, beatus, a, um. 
what (interrog.) , quid, subst. 
whatever, quisquis, quidquid. 
when? quando. 

when (relative), cum, ut. 
whenever, cum. 
where ? ubi. 

where (relative), ubi. 
whether, num, -ne. 
whether . . . or, utrum . . . an. 
while, dum, donee, conj. 
who? quis. 

who, which (rel. pron.), qui, 

quae, quod. 
who (does) not, who (is) not, 

quin. 
whole, totus, a, um. 
why? cur, quid, quam ob rem. 
why not, after nulla causa est, 

etc., quin. 
wicked, malus, a, um ; scelera- 

tus, a, um. 
wickedness, scelus, eris, n. 
wife, uxor, oris, f. 
willingly, readily, libenter. 
win, earn, mereo, ere, ui, itus. 
win over, concilio, are, avi, 

atus. 
wind, ventus, i, m. 
winter, hiems, emis, f. 

v/inter quarters, biberna, orum, 

n. 
wipe out, destroy, deleo, ere, evi, 

etus. 
wisdom, sapientia, ae, f. 
wish, volo, velle, volui. 
with, cum, prep, with abl. 

with (not involving participa- 
tion) , apud, prep, with ace. 



164 



Latin Composition. 



withdraw, decedo, ere, cessi, ces- 

surus. 
without, sine, prep, with abl. 
withstand, sustineo, ere, ui, ten- 

tus. 
witness, testis, is, c. 
woman, mulier, eris, f. 
wonder, miror, ari, atus sum. 
wonderful, mirabilis, e. 
wont, be wont, soleo, ere, solitus 

sum, semi-dep. 
woods, silva, ae, f. 
word, verbum, I, n. 
words, utterances, dicta, orum, n. 
work (a work), opus, eris, n. 

work of art, artificium, I, n. 
world, orbis terrarum (orbis, is, 

m.). 
worship, veneror, ari, atus sum, 

dep. 
worthy, diguus, a, um. 
wretched, miser, a, um. 
write, scribo, ere, scrips!, scrip- 

tus. 
write out, exscribo, ere, 

scrips!, scriptus. 



writer, scriptor, oris, m. 
wrong, do wrong, pecco, are, avi, 
atum. 

wrongly, injuste. 



X 

Xenophon, Xenophon, ontis, m. 
Xerxes, Xerxes, is, m. 



year, annus, i, m. 

yesterday, heri. 

yet, nevertheless, tamen. 
not yet, nondum. 

yield, cedo, ere, cessi, cessurus. 

you, tu, tui. 

young man, juvenis, is, m. 

your, your own, tuus, a, um ; ves- 
ter, tra, trum. 

youth (collectively), juventus, 
utis, f. 
youth, period of youth, juven- 
tus, utis. 



LATIN. 19 

Selected Orations and Letters of Cicero 

With Introduction, Notes, and Vocabulary by Professor Francis W. 
Kelsey. i2mo, half leather, 518 pages. Illustrated. Price, #1.25. 

THE Orations given in this edition are the four against Cati- 
line, those for the Manilian Law, Archias, Marcellus, and 
the fourth oration against Antony. These are edited with a 
view to showing their value as examples of oratory, rather than 
as offering mere material for grammatical drill. The student's 
attention is directed to the occasion and circumstances of their 
delivery, as well as to the motive and method of presenting the 
matter contained in them. Modes of legal procedure, the Con- 
stitution and form of government in Cicero's time, and the whole 
environment of the orator, are brought into clear view, and made 
a reality to the student. 

The Letters are selected with reference to the light they shed 
on Cicero as a man rather than as a politician. They afford 
pleasant glimpses of his private life, and help to make real the 
pupil's conception of the times in which he lived. As material 
for short exercises for sight translation or rapid reading they 
will be found of special value. 

A Table of Idioms and Phrases presents in form convenient 
for use, constructions that deserve special attention. 

Lincoln Owen, Principal of the Rice Training-School, Boston: Kelsey's 
Cicero is a model in the art of text-book making. It cannot fail to be a 
success for editor, publisher, and user. I count the teachers and the pupils 
of the present generation fortunate in having such admirable " instruments 
of education " as Professor Kelsey is preparing for us. 

Professor J. W. Stearns, University of Wisconsin : Kelsey's Cicero com- 
mends itself more than any words of mine can commend it. It is a teach- 
er's book, up to modern times, both in text and annotations, and admirably 
printed. 

Miss Ellen F. Snow, High School, Keene, N.H. : I have now used it in my 
classes for five weeks in connection with ... in the hands of a part of 
the class. Kelsey has the preference every time. It gives a body to the 
ideas, and tells the scholars things that they want to know in a way suited 
to them. I have been waiting long enough to test it, and I like it better 
every week. 



20 LATIN. 

Selections from Ovid 

With an Introduction, Notes, and Vocabulary by Professor Francis 
W. Kelsey. Illustrated. 12 mo, half leather, 447 pages. Price, $1.25. 

AS in the editions of Caesar and Cicero by the same editor, 
no pains have been spared to make the book pleasing to 
the eye and useful to the student. The selections, with a few 
exceptions, are short and complete in themselves. A consider- 
able number of them will be found suitable for sight-reading. 

The Introduction contains a sketch of the life and works of 
Ovid, with a short essay on Ovid as a poet, together with an 
outline of Greek and Roman Mythology. 

The Notes are elementary, but at the same time they aim to 
suggest a poetic interpretation of the author. 

William C. Collar, Headmaster, Roxbury Latin School, Mass. : I am glad to 

see an edition containing so good and so varied a collection from Ovid's 

' writings. The book seems to me to be a very conscientious piece of work, 

and I am particularly pleased with the frequent and happy quotations, in 

the notes, of passages from English poets. 

Walter A. Edwards, Principal, High School, Rockford, III.: I am delighted 
with it. The editor has made an excellent school-book, without thrusting 
into the background the literary charm of the text he is annotating. The 
abundant quotations from the English poets must materially help toward 
a right appreciation and enjoyment of Ovid's poetry. 

L. C. Hull, Lawrenceville School, N J.: Professor Kelsey has again shown 
how admirably he can meet the wants of good teachers. But his edition 
of Ovid does more than this. It must quicken the poetic sense of even 
the most prosaic teachers. I cannot help feeling that many a pupil will 
thank Professor Kelsey for having shown how the same themes that in- 
spired Ovid still live in our own English classics. We have had given to 
us a manual of mythology, a scholarly edition of a Latin classic, and an 
abundance of poetic inspiration, all at once. Ovid did not write to ex- 
hibit the grammatical usages of his day, or to help make philologists ; and 
Professor Kelsey has not made the mistake of supposing that his verses 
are best used when they are made to serve such purposes. 

Professor George H. White, Oberlin College: The notes are made attrac- 
tive, and their meaning more clear, by many quotations from a wide range 
of English poets. In this latter respect it is superior to every other school 
edition of the ancient classics. I commend the book without reserve. 



24 LATIN. 

The Lives of Cornelius Nepos 

With Notes, Exercises, and Vocabulary by Professor John C. Rolfe, 
University of Michigan. i2mo, cloth, 387 pages. Price, $1.10. 

IN general the same plan is followed as in the Selections from 
Viri Romas. 

In the text, as well as elsewhere throughout the book, the 
quantity of all the long vowels is marked, including "hidden 
quantities." 

The notes are designed to enable the pupil to understand the 
writer's meaning, and to get a clear idea of the events and per- 
sonages referred to. Instruction in syntax is given mainly by 
the Exercises for Translation into Latin. These exercises have 
been prepared both for oral and for written work, and are based 
on the text. 

The book is provided with a full vocabulary, in which special 
attention is given to the definition of proper names, and with 
maps, including all the places mentioned by Nepos. 

Charles C. Ramsay, Principal of High School, Fall River, Mass.: It would 
be difficult to say too much in praise of Professor Rolfe's " The Lives of 
Cornelius Nepos." The Introduction, Notes, and Vocabulary are unusu- 
ally well done, and will render the study of the lives interesting and de- 
lightful. The publishers, moreover, deserve a share of the praise for the 
very attractive form in which the book is issued. The typography is clear, 
and* the paper is good. 

Walter A. Edwards, Principal of High School, Rockford, III.: I am de- 
lighted with your Rolfe's edition of Nepos, both as to its typographical 
appearance and as to the educational value of the work. Taking it al- 
together it is a most attractive text-book. I am not clear in my mind 
whether we are ready to drop Csesar yet and turn to some such work as 
this, which would certainly have the advantage of greater interest, and per- 
haps a greater practical value. There are some points of value which we 
should be sorry to lose . . . but I am open to conviction, and Professor 
Rolfe's book goes a long way toward convincing me. 

Professor Leon J. Richardson, University of California: As a Latin 
department we are encouraging the reading of Nepos in the California 
High Schools. For this purpose your book commends itself very highly. 

Professor F. G. Axtell, Chaff ey College, Ontario, Calif. : The Nepos is the 
best edition I have seen. 



14 LATIN. 

A Latin Grammar 

By Professor Charles E. Bennett, Cornell University. i2mo, cloth, 
265 pages. Price, 80 cents. 

IN this book the essential facts of Latin Grammar are pre- 
sented within the smallest compass consistent with high 
scholarly standards. It covers not only the work of the pre- 
paratory school, but also that of the required courses in college 
and university. By omitting rare forms and syntactical usages 
found only in ante-classical and port-classical Latin, and by 
relegating to an Appendix theoretical and historical questions, 
it has been found possible to treat the subject with entire ade- 
quacy in the compass of 250 pages exclusive of Indexes. In 
the German schools, books of this scope fully meet the exacting 
demands of the entire gymnasial course, and those who have 
tried Bennett's Grammar find that they are materially helped by 
being relieved of the mass of useless and irrelevant matter which 
forms the bulk of the older grammars. 

Professor William A. Houghton, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine: 
The Grammar proper is admirably adapted to its purpose in its clearness 
of arrangement and classification, and in its simplicity and precision of 
statement, giving definitely just what the pupil must know, and not crowd- 
ing the page with a mass of matter that too often disheartens the young 
student instead of helping him. I trust it will come into general use, for 
I think for the reasons just given, and because of its moderate compass 
and attractive appearance, students are likely to get more practical gram- 
matical knowledge out of it than they generally do from the larger 
grammars. 

Professor Alfred M. Wilson, University of Nebraska, Lincoln: I have 
examined it very carefully, and I can say, truly and with pleasure, that 
my first impressions have become positive convictions as to the very great 
value and utility of the book. I am daily using it with increasing delight 
and satisfaction. It is clear, concise, and independent. 

The Critic, Feb. 29, 1896. The book is a marvel of condensed, yet clear 
and forcible, statement. Just enough examples are given to illustrate each 
principle without discouraging the pupil by their number and variety. 
The ground covered in the treatment of forms and syntax is adequate 
for ordinary school work and for the use of freshmen and sophomores in 
college. 






mfirar 






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